Buildings have to be evaluated largely

on a case-by-case basis because

buildings vary in their tightness

 To achieve the specific goals for

building protection from a variety of
threats and to meet the requirements.
Selection of components requires an
evaluation of many facility-specific
details to ensure safety and/or
protection.

Strategies in Building Protection

1. Passive Protection
It refers to systems that do not
involve detectors or sensors threat
agents to influence an operational
response.

It utilizes the following:

To protect the structure from
external factors.
Offer protection from indoor
releases
Visual Recognition of Threats

2. Active protection
It refers to protection that uses
detectors to recognize the presence
of threat agent. Once detected, the
treat agent could then be identified
and an operational response
initiated to limit the threat.

Levels of Protection
1. Low-Level
(LP-1)

Passive

Protection

These are protection without the

capability of actively sensing the
environment for the
presence of
threat agents.

2. High-Level Passive Protection

(LP-2)
It involves reducing the vulnerability
to threat agents that are not part of
standard building protection system.

3. Low-Level Active Protection (LP3)

It is a detect-to-threat option that
would allow identification and
detection system.

4. High-Level Active Protection

(LP-4)
It requires tiered level of detection
and responses and uses combinations
of low regret response option with fast,
non-specific detection systems.

Protective Measures

Security System / Burglar Alarm Components

Categories:
Input Devices:
These are the sensors that will
activate the alarm when someone
breaks into your home.

 24 hour Input Devices:

These are special types of sensors
that activate the alarm whether it is
turned on or off (24 hours a day).
Output Devices:
These tell you and your neighbors
that the alarm has been activated
and scare off intruders.

 Alarm Panel:
The alarm panel is the
brains of the alarm
system. This consists of
the circuit board, power
supply and battery to
provide power, your
phone line connection,
and then a metal box to
secure it all.

 Keypads:
These are used to
activate/deactivate
the alarm, determine
what zone has
tripped the alarm,
performs
programming and
diagnostics activities.

Types of Sensors / Input Devices

Door Sensor. Door sensors will
trigger the alarm when the door is
opened.

 Window Sensor.
Window
sensors
will trigger the alarm
when the window is
opened. Unlike door
sensors,
these
sensors are visible
on the window.

 Motion Detector. (Passive Infrared

sensors)
Motion detectors will trigger the
alarm when they detect motion in their
area of coverage. Some motion
detectors will detect small pets and
set off the alarm, while others are
designed ignore pets up to 40 or
even 80 pounds.

 Glass Break Sensor.

A glass break sensor
will trigger the alarm
when it detects the noise
or vibration of glass
breaking. Dropping a glass
or loud noises can
sometimes trip a glass
break sensor and set off
the alarm.

 Water Sensor
Water
sensors
are
used to alert you or your
alarm
monitoring
company in case there is
a water leak. Some
water sensors / alarm
systems are capable of
turning off the water
when a leak is detected.

 Smoke Sensor
It alert you or your
alarm
monitoring
company
in
case
there
is
detected
smoke
or
carbon
monoxide emission.

 Security cameras
These are great way
to provide security for
your home or workplace.
As well as providing you
with video footage of
any events that may
happen, they also act as
a visible deterrent to
criminals.

Sirens
Devices

Output

Horn/Siren.
The
siren makes the noise
when the alarm is
activated.
It
is
strongly
recommended since it
will do the most to

 Strobe/Emergency
Light.
Is another
way
to
alert
neighbors that your
alarm
has
been
activated.
Strobe
lights can also be
used inside the home
for
the
hearing

 Anemergency
lightis a batterybackedlighting
device
that
switches
on
automatically
when a building
experiences
apower outage.

Other Alarm
Components
Keypad are used to
activate and
deactivate the alarm.
A keypad should be
located near the
entrance/exit of your
home that you are
most likely to use so
you can activate the

 Main Panel is the

"brain" of the alarm
system
The circuit boards are
placed in a locked
metal box that also
contains a battery
backup.

 Alarm Wire is to purchase a roll of

solid 4 conductor 22 AWG alarm wire
(black, red, green, & yellow).

IMPLEMENTING RULES AND

REGULATIONS (IRR) OF REPUBLIC
ACT NO. 9514 OTHERWISE KNOWN
AS THE FIRE CODE OF THE
PHILIPPINES OF 2008

Rule 1. Interpretation
It is the policy of the State to ensure public
safety, promote economic development
through the prevention and suppression of
all kinds, of destructive fires, and promote
the professionalization of the fire service as
a profession. Towards this end, the State
shall enforce all laws, rules and regulations
to ensure adherence to standard fire
prevention and safety measures, and
promote accountability in the fire protection
and prevention service.

SECTION 10.2.12.2
REQUIREMENTS
A. Occupant Load The occupant load of
residential occupancies in number of
persons for whom exits are to be provided
except in detached single-and-two-family
dwellings shall be determined on the basis
of one (1) person per eighteen and sixtenths square meters (18.6 m2) gross floor
area, or the maximum probable population
of any room or section under consideration,
whichever is greater.

B. Capacity of Exits Capacity of means of

egress shall be in accordance with Section
10.2.5.2 paragraph C of this IRR. Capacity
of Means of Egress
1. The egress capacity for approved
components of means of egress shall be
based on the capacity factors shown in Table
1.

2. The required capacity of a corridor shall

be the occupant load that utilizes the
corridor for exit access divided by the
required number of exits to which the
corridor connects, but the corridor capacity
shall be not less than the required capacity
of the exit to which the corridor leads.

C. Maintenance of Exits

1. No door in any means of egress

shall be locked against egress when
the building is occupied.

C. Maintenance of Exits

2. No residential occupancy shall have its

means of egress pass through any
nonresidential occupancy in the same building,
except in buildings provided with approved,
supervised sprinkler system provided that the
means of egress shall not pass through a high
hazard content area as determined by the
City/Municipal Fire Marshal having jurisdiction
and the means of egress shall be separated by
a construction of not less than 1 hour.

C. Maintenance of Exits

3. No guest room or guest suite shall be

permitted to be located above a
nonresidential occupancy except when the
guest room or guest suite and its exits are
separated from the nonresidential
occupancy by construction having a fire
resistance rating of not less than 1 hour or
when the nonresidential occupancy is
protected throughout by approved,
supervised sprinkler system.

SECTION 10.2.12.6 SINGLE AND TWO FAMILY

DWELLINGS

A. General This Section covers

detached single and two family
dwellings as specified in Section
10.2.12.1 of this IRR. Where the
occupancy is so limited, the only
requirements applicable are those in
this Section.

B. Means of Escape
Requirements

1. Number, Type and Access to Means of Escape

a. In any dwelling of more than two (2) rooms,
every room used for sleeping, living or dining
purposes shall have at least two (2) means of
escape at least one (1) of which shall be a door
or stairway providing a means of unobstructed
travel to the outside of the building at street or
ground level. No room or space shall be occupied
for living or sleeping purposes which is accessible
only by a ladder, folding stairs or through a trap
door.

B. Means of Escape Requirements

b. Every sleeping room shall have at least one (1)

outside window. Such window could be opened from
the inside, without the use of tools, keys or special
effort or knowledge to provide a clear opening of
not less than five hundred sixty millimeters (560
mm) in width and eight hundred millimeters (800
mm) in height. The bottom of the opening shall be
not more than one hundred twenty two centimeters
(122 cm) above the floor, except if the room has
two (2) doors providing separate ways of escape or
has a door leading directly outside of the building.

B. Means of Escape Requirements

c. No required path of travel to the outside

from any room shall be through another
room or apartment not under the immediate
control of the occupant of the first room or
his family, not through a bathroom or other
space subject to locking.
d. No exit access from sleeping rooms to
outside shall be less than ninety centimeters
(90 cm) wide.

B. Means of Escape Requirements

2. Doors
a. No doors in the path of travel providing means
of escape shall be less than seventy centimeters
(70 cm) of clear width.
b. Every closet door latch shall be such that
children can open the door from inside the closet.
c. Every bathroom door lock shall be designed to
permit the opening of the locked door from the
outside in an emergency.

B. Means of Escape Requirements

3. Stairs The width, risers, and treads of every stair

shall comply at least with the minimum
requirements for stairs, as described in Section
10.2.5.4 of this IRR.

ECTION 10.2.5.4 STAIRS

A. General
1. Stairs used as a component in the means of
egress
shall
conform
to
the
general
requirements of
Section 10.2.5.2 of this IRR and
to the special
requirements of this Section.
2. All stairways designated as a means of
egress shall be continuous from the uppermost
floor level down to ground floor.

ECTION 10.2.5.4 STAIRS

B. Dimensional Criteria
1. Standard stairs shall meet the following
criteria:
a. New stairs shall be in accordance with
Table 2 and 4.
b. Existing stairs shall be permitted to
remain in use, provided that they meet the
requirements for existing stairs shown in
Table 3.

ECTION 10.2.5.4 STAIRS

c. Approved existing stairs shall be permitted to
be rebuilt in accordance with the following:
i.

Dimensional criteria of Table 3.

ii. Other stair requirements of Section 10.2.5.4

of this IRR.

d. The requirements for new and existing stairs

shall
not apply to stairs located in industrial
equipment access areas except as otherwise
provided in Division 15 of this Chapter.
2. Minimum New Stair Width
a. Where the total occupant load of all storeys
served by the stair is fewer than 50, the minimum
width clear of all obstructions, except projections
not more than one hundred fourteen millimeters
(114 mm) at or below handrail height on each side,
shall be nine hundred fifteen millimeters (915
mm).

b. Where stairs serve occupant loads

exceeding that permitted by para B 2(a) of
this Section, the minimum width clear of all
obstructions, except projections not more
than one hundred fourteen millimeters (114
mm) at or below handrail height on each
side, shall be in accordance with Table 4 and
the requirements of para B 2(c), (d), and (e)
of this Section.

c. The total cumulative occupant load assigned to a

particular stair shall be that stairs prorated share of
the total occupant load, as stipulated in (d) and (e),
calculated in proportion to the stair width.
d. For downward egress travel, stair width shall be
based on the total number of occupants from storeys
above the level where the width is measured.
e. For upward egress travel, stair width shall be
based on the total number of occupants from storeys
below the level where the width is measured.

C. Interior Finish Interior finish of occupied

spaces of new buildings shall be Class A, B
or C as defined in Section 10.2.6.3 of this
IRR and in existing buildings the interior
finish shall be Class A, B, C or D.

Interior finish materials shall be grouped in the

following classes, in accordance with their flame
spreads rating.
a. Class A Interior Finish Flame Spread 0.25.
Include any material classified at 25 or less on
the test scale described in paragraph (4) hereof.
Any element thereof when so tested shall not
continue to propagate fire;
b. Class B Interior Finish Flame Spread 26-75.
Includes any material classified at more than 25
but not more than 75 on the test scale
described in paragraph (4) hereof;

c. Class C Interior Finis Flame Spread 76-200.

Includes any material classified at more than 75 but
not more than 200 on the test scale described in
paragraph (4) hereof;
d. Class D Interior Finish Flame Spread 201 -500.
Includes any material classified at more than 200
but not more than 500 on the test scale described
in paragraph (4) hereof, and
e. Class E Interior Finish Flame Spread over 500.
Includes any material classified at over 500 on the
test scale described in paragraph (4) below.

D. Building Service Equipment No heating

equipment such as stove or combustion
heater shall be so located as to block escape
in case of fire arising from malfunctioning of
the stove or heater.

Fire Protection
Sprinkler
open
automatically
at
temperature
135
degree Fahrenheit to
160 degree Fahrenheit
and emit a series of fine
water sprays.

Fire Protection
Wet Pipe refers to piping installations
wherein both the mains and the
distribution pipes are constantly filled
with water.

 Dry Pipe refers to the piping

installations where there is no water
standing in the distribution pipe,
except during the occurrence of fire.
This is generally confined to unheated
buildings.

Earthquake Protection
Earthquake Measurement
Magnitude numerical quantities that
measure the power of an earthquake.
Intensity an indication of an
earthquakes apparent severity at a
specific location.

Response of Buildings
Stresses are introduced to buildings
and other structures when subjected to
forces from earthquake vibration
because of the inertia of the structure.
Building codes permit under
earthquake loading a one-third
increases in allowable design stresses
and allowable soil bearing pressures.

Structural Design
Box System
This design usually utilizes concrete roof
and floor diaphragms that distribute
earthquake forces to cross or end walls
(known as shear walls), constructed of
reinforced concrete or masonry, or
braced steel.

Structural Design
Braced Frame
The braced frame design concept takes
advantage of the ductile nature of steel.
Members are essentially subjected only to
axial stress. Because of this high energy
absorption ability, lower lateral design
forces are required by the codes for
braced frame than for box system
buildings.

Structural Design
Ductile
Moment-Resisting
Space
Frame
is a steel or reinforced concrete
framework in which horizontal forces
applied to it are carried down to the
building foundations via a system of
interconnected vertical and horizontal
literally supported members.

Lightning Protection
Lightning protection system is composed of three main
components:

1.Rods or 'Air Terminals' - The small,

vertical protrusions designed to act as
the 'terminal' for a lightning discharge.
Rods can be found in different shapes,
sizes and designs.

2. Conductor Cables - Heavy cables that

carry lightning current from the rods to the
ground. Cables are run along the tops and
around the edges of roofs, then down one
or more corners of a building to the
ground rod(s).

3. Ground Rods - Long, thick,

heavy rods buried deep into
the earth around a
protected structure. The
conductor cables are
connected to these rods to
complete a safe path for a
lightning discharge around a
structure.

What does Lightning System can do?

Don't attract lightning
Don't and cannot dissipate or prevent
lightning by 'draining' a storm of its
charge
Most don't offer surge protection for
sensitive electronics
Do offer fire protection and structural
damage protection by preventing a hot,
explosive lightning channel from passing
through building materials

Wind and Typhoon Protection

1. Uses durable materials

Wind and Typhoon Protection

2. 4-side slope roofs

Wind
Typhoon
Protection
3. Stilts

and

Wind and Typhoon Protection

4. Tempered glass with protective sticker

Wind and Typhoon Protection

5. Storm shutters

Wind and Typhoon Protection

6. Safe, elevated location
7. Revise building standards

Types of Flood Protection

Permanent Protection consists of
features which become an actual
part of the building or adjacent
property such as bricked-up windows
or dikes.

 Flood doors may be hinged or

suspended above openings by
pulleys. Flood doors maybe
constructed of aluminum, steel or
wood.
Windows can be filled with
materials similar to wall. Where fairly
low flood levels are expected, it may
be sufficient to block up only the
lower portions of windows.

 Interior Protection
Sump pump areas
Interior protective walls
Sealing of slabs and walls

Types of Flood Protection

Contingent Protection consists of
portable
types
of
temporary
protection which are planned well in
advance of the actual emergency. It
includes flood shields which are
placed over windows, and covers for
ground-level openings.

Types of Flood Protection

Emergency
Protection
is
comprised of measures taken after
flood warnings are issued and it is
found that the permanent or
contingent measures are lacking or
insufficient. It usually entails using
available materials and manpower
on a best effort basis to do
whatever is possible.

Types of Flood Protection

Emergency
Protection
is
comprised of measures taken after
flood warnings are issued and it is
found that the permanent or
contingent measures are lacking or
insufficient. It usually entails using
available materials and manpower
on a best effort basis to do
whatever is possible.

 Emergency Flood Protection

Sandbagging
Protection of Contents

Action After Flood

Site Engineering
#1. If the site chosen is not a dry land
area, the possibility of constructing
drainage, culverts, dams, water reservoirs
and storage areas, and controlled run-offs
should be researched.

#2. A primary method of effective site

engineering is to establish grades above the
expected maximum flood level
#3. The feasibility of constructing flood
barriers and gates should be explored not
just as an independent project but through
consultation with the U.S. Army Corps of
Engineers and federal and local
governments.

#4. The possibility of excavating new

diversion canals or dredging existing canals
should be explored.
#5. The establishment of minimum floor
grades to elevate damageable floors above
projected flood height depends a great deal
on the type of occupancy at the various
floor levels.

#6. Thought should be given to the use of

flood potential areas for improvements
which are not subject to high damage and
where the type of occupancy could be
classed as mobile.
#7. Decorative and ornamental precast
concrete flood curbs can be installed which
will not detract from the outward
appearance of a structure.

Action After Flood

Structural Design
#1. The architect and engineer need to
produce a foundation which will be
relatively unaffected by water or water flow.
#2. In many cases, utilities must be placed
in the ground to avoid unsightly overhead or
surface power lines.

Structural Design
#3. All underground utilities which involve
run-off water or sewerage should be
equipped with back pressure, check, or
clapper valves to eliminate water back-up
into the structure area.

Structural Design
#4. The importance of slab and foundation
design cannot be underestimated. Relief of
this pressure can be accomplished by
installing sump pumps and sub drains
connected to effective drainage systems
#5. Installation of a sump system is
recommended even though it may only take
care of ordinary seepage.

Structural Design
#6. Pedestal construction is recommended
for equipment of machinery which must be
located in building areas below the
prescribed minimum grade.
#7. Plans for the evacuation of contents
which may be located in the flood potential
area a critical ingredient of any floodproofing effort.

Waterproofing System
There are three components of any system
designed to keep water out. These are, from the
bottom up:
Drains to move water away from the
bottom of the foundation
Wall treatment to prevent moisture from
moving through the wall and to route
water down to the drains
Ground surface treatment adjacent to the
building to direct surface water away