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CHAPTER 22

THE BIPOLAR
TRANSISTOR
Reported by:
Arra May N. Nuez

BIASING
is the method of
establishing predetermined
voltages or current at various
points of an electronic circuit
for the purpose of establishing
proper operating conditions in
electronic components.

is a DC preshift of voltage
and current from the zero
conditions. It feeds the amplifier
devices with the electrical power
to activate them and make them
capable of amplifying signals. To
amplify the signals, the
amplifying devices must be set at
certain DC voltages and currents
called the operating point.

The NPN Case


The

normal method of biasing an


NPN transistors is to have the
collector voltage positive with
respect to the emitter.
The base is labeled control,
because the flow of current
through the transistor depends
critically on what happens at this
electrode.

Zero Bias for NPN


The

base of a transistor is at the


same voltage of the emitter
When the forward bias is zero,
the emitter-base current or base
current (I) is also zero

Reverse Bias for NPN

is negative with respect to the


emitter
The current through the circuit is
zero, thus no current flows through
the E-B junction.
The transistor is in cut-off state
Cut-off Region
-both junctions are reverse-biased
- I is zero or very small resulting in
zero I flowing and the device is
switched fully "OFF"

Forward Bias for NPN

is positive with respect to the


emitter in the circuit.
If the forward bias is less than
the forward breakover voltage, no
current will flow.
A small rise in E, causes a rise in
I and will cause large increase in
I.
If E continues to rise, a point
where I versus E curve levels
off, will be reached

Saturation Region
- Both junctions are Forwardbiased
- Base current is high enough
to give a Collector-Emitter
voltage of 0v resulting in
maximum Collector current
flowing and the device is
switched fully "ON"

PNP Biasing
PNP

Transistors require a
negative voltage at their
Collector terminal with the flow of
current through the emittercollector terminals being holes
Small changes in E causes small
changes in I, produces large
fluctuations in I

Biasing for Amplification


Amplification
- an increase in signal power or
voltage produced by an amplifier
in transmitting signal from one
point to another.
Small change in I causes a large
variations in I, hence transistor
can operate as current
amplifier.

Static Current
Amplification
A

maximum attainable current


amplification factor of a
particular bipolar transistor
constitutes a specification called
beta ().
The beta transistor can be
expressed as the static forward
current transfer ratio abbreviated
H.

H = I/I

Dynamic Current
Amplification
Current

amplification is the ratio


of difference in I to the
difference in I that occurs when
a small signal is applied to the
base of the transistor.
(the difference in d)

current amplification =
dI/dI

Overdrive
Nonlinearity

means that the


output wave will not have the
same shape as the input
wave.
When the input signal to a
transistor amplifier is too
strong, the condition is called
overdrive.

Gain versus Frequency

The

range of frequencies of a
transistor can be used as an
amplifier.
The amplification factor or gain
decreases as the signal
frequency increases.
Current gain, voltage gain and
power gain can be expressed in
ratios.
Gain bandwidth product ()
- the frequency at which the gain
becomes equal to 1 with

Alpha

Cut-off Frequency
- the frequency at which the gain
becomes 0.707 times its value
when the input signal frequency
is kHz.

THANK
YOU !!!

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