Descriptive Statistics

Chapter One

In this chapter, our main focus is based on the following

topics:
1.1 Fundamental of Statistics
1.2 Data Presentations (Graphs & Tables)
1.3 Measures of Central Tendency
1.4 Measures of Dispersion and Skewness

Introduction

Definition by Croxton and Cowden:

Statistics may be defined as the science of collection, presentation analysis and interpretation
of numerical data from the logical analysis. It is clear that the definition of statistics by Croxton
and Cowden is the most scientific and realistic one.

Definitions by A.L. Bowley:

Statistics are numerical statement of facts in any department of enquiry placed in relation to each other.

Definition by Horace Secrist:

Statistics may be defined as the aggregate of facts affected to a marked extent by multiplicity
of causes, numerically expressed, enumerated or estimated according to a reasonable standard of
accuracy, collected in a systematic manner, for a predetermined purpose and placed in relation to
each other.

1.1 Fundamental of Statistics

Statistics is a way to get information from data
Statistics
Data
Data: Facts, especially
numerical facts, collected
together for reference or
information.

Information
Information: Knowledge
communicated concerning
some particular fact.

Statistic is the science of collecting, organizing, presenting,analyzing and interpreting

numerical data to assist in making more effective decisions.

STATISTICS

DESCRIPTIVE
STATISTIC

Its the method of

organizing,
summarizing, and
presenting data in
a convenient and
informative way.

INFERENTIAL
STATISTIC

Its used to draw

conclusions or
inferences about
characteristics of
populations based
on data from a
sample.

DESCRIPTIVE STATISTIC can be divide into two group. Which is

as mentioned below:

Graphical Techniques
Histogram, bar chart, line graph, scatter diagram

Numerical Techniques
Mean, mode, median, range, std. deviation, variance

INFERENTIAL STATISTICS is consist of estimation and hypothesis

It is the process of making an estimate, prediction, or
decision about a population based on a sample. (Refer Diagram
1)

Sample
Inference

Parameter

Statistic

Definition
Data
:The facts and figures collected, summarized,
analyzed, and
interpreted.
Data Set : The data collected in a particular study are
referred to as the
data set.
Elements : The elements are the entities on which data are
collected.
Variable : A variable is a characteristic of interest for the
elements
Observation : The set of measurements collected for a
particular element

Scales of measurement include

Interval

Nominal
Data are
labels or
names used
to identify an
attribute of
the element.
A
nonnumeric
label or
numeric code
may be used.

Ordinal
The data
have the
properties of
nominal data
and the order
or rank of the
data is
meaningful.
A
nonnumeric
label or
numeric code
may be used.

The data
have the
properties of
ordinal data,
and the
interval
between
observations
is expressed
in terms of a
fixed unit of
measure.

Ratio
The data have all
the properties of
interval data and
the ratio of two
values is
meaningful.
Variables such as
distance, height,
weight, and time
use the ratio
scale.
This scale must
contain a zero
value that
indicates that
nothing exists for
the variable at
the zero point.

Qualitative and Quantitative Data

Qualitative Data

1.2 Data Presentations (Graphs

& Tables)
Graphical Techniques
1.)Tabulation of Data
2.)Plotting of Histogram
3.)Plotting of Pie chart
4.)Plotting of Bar Chart
5.)Plotting of Scatter Diagram

CASE STUDY

Machine One

65.7

64.7

65.4

63.8

65.4

65.2

65.3

65.7

65.3

65.4

63.0

64.4

65.1

65.5

64.3

64.7

64.8

65.1

64.0

64.4

64.5

65.2

66.2

64.7

63.9

64.7

65.6

64.2

65.1

65.5

65.8

64.8

64.7

65.1

64.1

65.3

65.3

64.9

65.2

65.2

64.9

65.4

64.6

65.4

65.5

65.4

64.9

64.3

64.9

64.5

66.0

64.9

64.9

65.0

64.9

64.9

Indicates
the
lower
value
65.6
65.6
65.2
64.6
64.1
Indicates the highest value

66.4

65.3

64.8

63.9

64.6

65.0

64.9

65.8

64.5

63.5

64.7

64.8

65.0

65.6

65.3

65.1

64.3

66.3

65.7

65.2

65.0

64.0

64.8

64.1

65.3

64.1

Machine One
62.95 - 63.25

63.25 - 63.55

63.55 - 63.85

63.85 - 64.15

64.15 - 64.45

64.45 - 64.75

15

64.75 - 65.05

24

65.05 - 65.35

22

65.35 - 65.65

14

65.65 - 65.95

65.95 - 66.25

66.25 - 66.55

HISTOGRAM FOR MACHINE ONE

30

25

20

Frequency
15

10

0
62.95 - 63.2563.25 - 63.5563.55 - 63.8563.85 - 64.1564.15 - 64.4564.45 - 64.7564.75 - 65.0565.05 - 65.3565.35 - 65.6565.65 - 65.9565.95 - 66.2566.25 - 66.55

Cutting Size (mm)

Bar chart
66.25 - 66.55
65.95 - 66.25
65.65 - 65.95
65.35 - 65.65
65.05 - 65.35
64.75 - 65.05

Frequency

64.45 - 64.75
64.15 - 64.45
63.85 - 64.15
63.55 - 63.85
63.25 - 63.55
62.95 - 63.25
0

10

15

20

25

30

Pie Chart

62.95 - 63.25
63.25 - 63.55
63.55 - 63.85
63.85 - 64.15
64.15 - 64.45
64.45 - 64.75
64.75 - 65.05
65.05 - 65.35
65.35 - 65.65
65.65 - 65.95
65.95 - 66.25
66.25 - 66.55

Data for Scatter Diagram

Data
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49

x
38.7
38.8
38.8
38.9
39.2
39.3
39.5
39.5
40.0
40.3
40.4
40.5
40.5
40.6
41.0
41.2
41.3
41.3
41.3
42.0
42.1
42.8
42.9
43.8

y
24.5
20.7
21.5
23.1
23.1
23.3
22.0
24.5
22.0
23.0
20.9
21.3
26.9
25.7
23.7
24.4
22.2
25.7
26.8
25.0
23.1
26.6
25.5
26.3

50

44.5

26.8

Scatter Diagram
29.0
27.0
f(x) = 0.63x - 1.61
R = 0.63

25.0
23.0
Frequency of y-axis
21.0
19.0
17.0
15.0
25.0

30.0

35.0

40.0

Frequency of x-axis

45.0

50.0

Numerical Techniques

Mean, mode, median, range, std.

deviation, variance

1.3 Measures of Central Tendency

1.4 Measures of Dispersion and Skewness

THANK
YOU !!!