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KEMAGNETAN DAN
KEELEKTROMAGNETAN
Magnetism And Electromagnetism
KEMAGNETAN: MAGNET
Magnetism: a force field that acts on some
materials but not on the materials
Magnets: physical devices that possess
magnetism
Lodestone: natural magnet
Creation of poles
Each time the magnet is broken, a new pair of
poles is created
S N
N
S
N S
S
N SSN
SS
N
N
S
N
SS
S
S
SS N
N
N
N
N SS
N
S
N S
SN
N
NS S
N S SS N
N
N S
S
NN
N
S
SN NS
NN S
S
SS N
NN S
NS S
S
S
S
N
N
NN S
N S
S
N N S
N N S
S
SS
NN
N N S
TEMPORAR
Y MAGNET
S N
N S
S
S
S
NN S
SS
SS
S
S
N
S
N
S
N
N
N SS
N S S N
S
N
N
NN S
NS S
SN NS
S
N NS
N N
S
S
S
S
N
N
N
N N S
S
S
N
N
S
N
PERMANEN
TMAGNET
KEELEKTROMAGNETAN: MEDAN
MAGNET DAN ARUS ELEKTRIK
Electromagnetism:
production of a
magnetic field by
current flowing in a
conductor.
The magnetic field
has no poles.
Conductor
n
o
i
t
ec
r
i
D
nt
e
r
r
u
c
of
Coils
The magnetic field around a straight wire is not
very strong.
A strong field can be made by coiling the wire
around a piece of soft iron.
This electromagnet is sometimes called a
solenoid.
The shape of the magnetic field is the same as a
bar magnet.
Coils
The strength of the magnetic field around the coil
can be increased by:
1. Using a soft iron core (core means middle bit).
2. Using more turns of wire on the coil.
3. Using a bigger current.
Reversing the direction of the current
will reverse the magnetic field direction.
KEELEKTROMAGNETAN: DAYA
GERAK MAGNET DAN KETEPUAN
KEELEKTROMAGNETAN:
KEENGGANAN LITAR MAGNET
KEELEKTROMAGNETAN: KUANTITI
DAN UNIT MAGNETIK
QUANTITIES
UNITS
ampere-turn (t)
ampere-turn/meter (At/m)
flux ()
weber (Wb)
tesla (T)
permeability ()
Wb/(Atm)
unitless
mmf(A t)
H
length(m)
mmf = 3 A x 8 t = 24 At
3A
Core length = 0.4 m
mmf = 3 A x 4 t = 12 At
H
3A
24 At
0.4 m
= 60 At / m
12 At
0.2 m
= 60 At / m
The magnetic field strength is the same for the two circuits.
Flux ()
Base unit: Weber (Wb)
One weber is the amount of flux change
required in 1s to induce 1V in a single
conductor.
flux(Wb)
Flux density(T)
2
area(m )
Permeability ()
Permeability (): refers to ability of a
material to conduct flux
Base unit: weber per ampere-turn-meter
(Wb/Atm)
Flux density(B)
Permeability( )
magnetic field strength(H)
KEELEKTROMAGNETAN:
HISTERISIS
Hysteresis loop
Hysteresis
Retentivity - material's ability to retain a certain
amount of residual magnetic field when the
magnetizing force is removed after achieving
saturation. (The value of B at point B on the
hysteresis curve.)
Coercive Force - The amount of reverse
magnetic field which must be applied to a
magnetic material to make the magnetic flux
return to zero. (The value of H at point C on the
hysteresis curve.)
KEELEKTROMAGNETAN: DAYA
ELEKTROMAGNET
Motor effect: the force on a wire in a magnetic
field when current flows through the wire
One side of the wire, the fields have the same
direction and repel the wire
On the other side, the field have opposite
directions and attract the wire.
We can predict which way the wire will move by
using Flemings Left Hand Rule
Gambarajah ini
menggunakan
right hand rule!
KEELEKTROMAGNETAN: KILAS
DALAM GEGELUNG
B magnetic field
F Force
Use Flemings left hand
rule to determine F
No current flow
Because of
momentum, the coil will
spin
There is current flow,
therefore there is F.
Torque in coil
The torque in coils can be determine:
T Fd
T Torque (Nm)
F Force (N)
d distance of F (m)
Induced Voltage
FARADAYS LAW
If current produces a
magnetic field, why can't a
magnetic field produce a
current ?
Michael Faraday
Faradays Law
EN
t
ARUHAN ELEKTROMAGNET:
HUKUM LENZ
Lenz's Law states that the
induced current will always set
up a magnetic field that will
oppose the movement of the
external magnetic field
Heinrich Friedrich
Emil Lenz