TRAINING PROGRAMME ON

ENGINEERING DESIGNS-CANAL STRUCTURES

GENERAL DESIGN PRINCIPLES

Off Take Sluices, Canal outlets and Modules

BY
ROUTHU SATYANARAYANA
FORMER CHIEF ENGINEER
FORMER ADVISOR, GOVERNMENT OF A.P

Modular Outlets

DESIGN - EXAMPLES
HYDRAULIC DESIGN
OFM APM - PSM

Cross Masonry Works- Modular

Outlets
Semi-Modular outlets or Flexible modules
Open Flume Outlet (OFMs)
Crumps
Adjustable
(Crumps APM)

proportional

Adjustable Orifice Semi module (AOSM)

Pipe Semi Module Pipe Out let (PSM)

Module

Modular Outlets

The suitability of the type of the semi module outlet is determined based on the ratio of parent
canal discharge (Q) to the discharge of the out let (q) and the throat width (Bt) as detailed
below.
i) for (Q/q ) < or = 20 and B t 6 cm

Open Flume Module( OFM)

ii) for (Q/q ) < or = 20 and B t < 6 cm

for (Q/q ) > 20

Adjustable Proportional module ( APM )

If the above requirements do not suit the site condition, provide pipe semi module (where
possible) with diaphragm of required diameter inserted at the first joint. The minimum diameter
of pipe used will be 150 mm.

Modular Outlets

The above conditions are further explained as below

Arrive at the ratio of parent channel / out let channel.
If it is < or = 20, select OFM. Calculate the Bt ( throat width ), using weir formula.
If Bt is > 6 cm it is ok.
Otherwise select A.P.M.
Work out the Bt using the sluice formula setting the crest of outlet at less than 0.80 D from
FSL of Parent Channel and adjusting the height of outlet opening.
If Bt = or > 6 it is ok
Otherwise go for pipe semi module (PSM), if it is possible to do so.
Check for proportionally

Canal Outlets & Modular

Outlets
Open Flume Module(OFM):

A smooth weir with a throat constricted sufficiently to ensure velocity

above critical, and long enough to ensure that the controlling section
remain with in the parallel throat at all discharges up to the maximum.
A gradually expanded flume is provided at the outfall to recover the
head.
The entire work can be built in brick, but the controlling section is
provided with cast iron or steel bed and check plates.
Throat width Bt never kept less than 6cm hence it is necessary to raise
the crest level of the out let much above bed level.
Working head required with a 1 in 5 glacis and side walls splaying at 1 in
5 is 20% of depth of water above the crest of out let.
Formation of hydraulic jump makes the out let independent of water
level in the out let channel

Canal Out lets & Modular

Outlets
Open Flume Module (OFM):
Q in Cumecs = K Bt H3/2
Where
K = a constant depending upon the width of the flume
Bt = throat width of the weir (minimum 6 cm)
For Bt ,
6 cm to 9 cm
K=1.6
9 cm to 12 cm
K= 1.64
> 12cm K= 1.66
H = head over crest in m.
It is most suited to tail cluster and proportionate distribution.
Length of throat (crest) = 2H
Setting H = 0.9 D, where D is FS dept of Parent canal
Minimum working head (modular ) = 0.2 H
Crest level = U/S FSL 0.9 D
U/S approach to throat ----- one curved and diverging and another straight
D/S expansion------- splayed to 1 in 10 to meet the bed width of the out let
channel

Canal Out lets & Modular Outlets

HYHDRAULIC DESIGN OF OFM

Canal Out lets & Modular

Outlets
Open Flume Module (OFM):
HYDRAULIC PARTICULARS
S
.
N
o
.
1Discharge (Required)
2Bed Width
3F.S. Depth
4Free Board
5Bed Fall
6Side Slopes
7Velocity
8n
9CBL
1
0FSL
1
1TBL
1
2GL

Details

Parent Canal

Off Take

Kopparam
Major

13 R Minor

0.939
1.200
0.730
0.610
2640
1.5 : 1
0.561
0.020
81.589

0.080
0.300
0.310
0.460
2000
1.5 : 1
0.339
0.020
81.662

82.319

81.972

82.929

82.432

82.929

82.432

Unit

Cumecs
m
m
m
1 in
m/sec

Design of OFM

Canal Out lets & Modular

Outlets

Open Flume Module (OFM):

Hydraulic Design:
Ratio of Q/q = 0.939 / 0.08
= 11.738 < 20
Hence O.F.M. is Proposed.
FSD in the parent channel, D = 0.730 m
Depth of flow in the parent channel at 2/3 rd discharge:
Dn = 0.594 m (assumed)
For 2/3rd Discharge in Parent Canal Q n = 2/3 x Q = 0.626 cumecs
Let Dn = 0.594 m , Area = 1.242 m2
Perimeter = 3.342 m, R = 0.372, and R2/3 = 0.517
Velocity = 0.504 m/sec
Discharge = 0.626 cumecs
Hence Dn i.e., depth of flow of 0.594 m in the parent channel assumed for
2/3rd discharge is correct.
Difference in depths of flow for full discharge and 2/3 rd discharge
x = D - Dn = 0.730 - 0.594 = 0.136 m

Canal Out lets & Modular

Outlets
Open Flume Module (OFM):

The discharge of the outlet q (in cumecs) is given by the formula:

q = K x Bt x H3/2
Where K = Constant depending upon the width of flume
Bt = Throat width of weir
H = Head over crest in meters
Hn = Head over crest at 2/3 Q = ( H x )
For full discharge q = K x B t x H3/2
- (1)
For 2/3 discharge q = K x B t x (Hn)3/2 =
K x Bt x (H-x)3/2 - ( 2 )
By dividing equation (1) by equation (2)
q / 2/3 q = K x Bt x H3/2 / 2/3 (q) K x Bt x (H - x)3/2
3/2 = (H3/2 /(H - x)3/2 ) 2/3
(3/2)2/3 = (H3/2 /(H - x)3/2 ) 2/3
1.310 = H / (H - x)
0.31 . H = 1.31 . x
H = 4.225 x
x = 0.136 m
Hence, H = 4.225 x 0.136 = 0.575 m
Crest Level = F.S.L. of Parent Channel - H
= 82.319 - 0.575 = 81.744 m

Canal Out lets & Modular

Outlets

Open Flume Module (OFM):

Minimum Head required (modular) = 0.2 x H = 0.2 x 0.575 = 0.115 m

Available Working Head = Difference of FSL's in Parent Canal and Off - Take Canal
= 82.319 - 81.972 = 0.347 m OK
q = K x Bt x H3/2
Value of "K" as per IS: 12331-1988 = 1.64
Bt = q / (K . H3/2)
= 0.080 / 1.64 x (0.575)3/2 = 0.112 m
q = K x Bt x H3/2
= 1.64 x 0.112 x 0.5753/2
= 0.080 cumecs OK
For 2/3rd q:
qn = (2/3 x 0.080) = 0.053 cumecs
Hn = H - x = 0.575 - 0.136 = 0.439 m
q n = K x Bt x Hn3/2
= 1.64 x 0.112 x 0.4393/2 = 0.053 cumecs OK
In order to maintain the modularity of the outlet, the following parameters are adopted.
Bt = 0.112 m
H = 0.575 m
Throat Length = 1.150 m
Crest Level = 81.744 m

Design of OFM

Open Flume Module

Canal Out lets & Modular Outlets

HYHDRAULIC DESIGN OF APM

Canal outlets & Modules

Adjustable Orifice Semi Module (A.O.S.M) or
Adjustable Proportional Module (APM)
Discharge through outlet in cumecs
Q = 4.03 Bt Y Hs1/2
Y =Height of opening in meters.
Bt =Throat width (minimum 0.06 m )
H =Depth of water in parent canal over the crest in meters
Hs = Depth to under side of the roof block below FSL of parent canal.
Hs = H Y ,

Hs 0.80 D

y
> (2/3 ) H
Setting of crest, H = 0.750 x D , where D = Full supply depth in the parent
canal
Setting of crest shall not be below D/S B.L.

Canal outlets & Modules

Setting of crest shall not be below D/S B.L.
Minimum modular head Hm = 0.75 Hs for modularity between full
supply and any fraction of full supply.
Crest level

U/S FSL- 0.75 D

Length of throat
=
width of roof block + H
U/S slope of glacis
=
curve with radius 2H.
U/s approach wings =one curved and the other straight, top at FSL + 0.15
m
D/S expansion
=1 in 10 to meet bed width of outlet channel

Design of APM

Hydraulic Particulars:

S.No. Details

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.

Kuppam Major
DP 17-R
At FS Discharge Condition

Discharge in Cumecs 0.636

Bed width in m
1.100
FSD in m
0.610
Bed fall 1 in
2500
Value of n
0.020
Velocity in m/s
0.518
Side slopes
1.5 : 1
Free board in m
0.610
CBL m
80.269
FSL m
80.879
TBL m
81.489
GL m
81.489
Propose APM

0.018
0.300
0.150
2000
0.020
0.231
1.5 : 1
0.450
80.422
80.572
81.022
81.489

Kuppam major
DP 17-R
At 2/3 FS Discharge Condition
0.424
1.100
0.495
2500
0.020
0.464
1.5 : 1
0.610
80.269
80.764

if Q / q < 20, or Q / q > 20, and Bt < 60 mm

Ratio of Q / q = 0.636 / 0.018 = 35.333 > 20
Hence APM is proposed.

0.012
0.300
0.120
2000
0.020
0.183
1.5 : 1
0.450
80.422
80.542

Design of APM

Design of APM

Hydraulic Design of APM

Propose APM if Q/q < 20 and Bt < 6 or Q/q >20
Ratio of Q/q = 0.636 / 0.018 = 35.333 > 20 Hence A P M is proposed
q = 4.03 x Bt x y x Hs1/2
Where Y = Height of opening in meters
Bt = Throat width
H =Depth of water in parent canal over the crest in meters.
Hs = Depth of under side of the roof block below FSL of parent canal
For 2/3 full supply Parent canal
Qn =2/3Q = 0.424 cum
Let Dn = 0.496 m
Area = 0.913 sq.m
perimeter = 2.887 m
R = 0.316 m
R3/2 = 0.464
velocity = 0.464 m/sec
discharge = 0.424

Off take canal

qn =2/3*q = 0.012 cum
Let dn = 0.120
0.058 sq. m
0.733 m
0.079 m
0.183
0.205 m/sec
0.012

Design of APM

Discharge through the outlet in cumecs.

q = 4.03 x Bt x y x ( Hs ) (Page 11, Clause 6.3.1 of IS : 7986-1976)
Throat width Bt = q / (4.03 x (Hs) x Y)
Let Bt = 0.06 m
q = 4.03 x Bt x y x Hs1/2

--------------equation (1)

2/3 (q) = = 4.03 xBt x y x (Hsn)1/2

--------------equation (2)

Where Hsn = Hs - (D - Dn) = 4.03 x Bt x y x (Hs - (0.610 - 0.495))1/2

= 4.03 x Bt x y x (Hs - 0.115)1/2
Dividing equation (1) by (2)
q/ = 2/3 (q) = 4.03 x Bt x y x Hs 1/2 / 4.03 x Bt x y x (Hs - 0.115)
3/2 = Hs1/2 / (Hs - 0.115)1/2
= 2 x Hs1/2 = 3 x (Hs - 0.115)1/2
4 x Hs = 9x (Hs - 0.115)
5 Hs = 1.0332
Hs = 0.207 m and Hs1/2 = 0.455
Hsn = Hs ( D Dn ) = 0.207 ( 0.610 0.495 ) = 0.092m

Design of APM
Y = q / 4.03xBtx(Hs)1/2
= 0.018 / 4.03 x 0.06 x 0.455
Y = 0.164 m
say 0.165 m
Q = 4.03 Bt Y ( Hs )
= 4.03 x 0.06 x 0.165 x 0.455 = 0.018 cumecs
qn = 4.03 Bt Y ( Hsn )
= 4.03 x 0.06 x 0.165 x 0.303 = 0.012 cumecs
The following Parameters may be adopted
Bt = 0.060 m
Crest Level =
U/S FSL - H = + 80.507
H = 0.372 m
Y = 0.165 m
Hs = 0.207 m
W= Setting forward of the D/S wing wall of the approach =0.15
The setting of the Wing wall W = K q/Q (Bu + D/2)

Design of APM

CRUMPS ADJUSTABLE PROPORTIONAL MODULE

Canal Outlets & Modules

Pipe semi module (PSM)

Design criteria
The discharge through pipe semi module is given by
Q = Cd . A (2g hc )1/2
Where Cd = 0.62 for free pipe out let
hc = head on U/S above the centre of pipe
hc should be more than 1.5 times the dia of the pipe proposed.
The above formulae can be reduced to
Q = 0.62 x (2x 9.81 ) A (hcnt)
=2.746 A hc 1/2

For free fall condition set the F.S.L of OT Channel below the pipe sill level keeping in view
the command under the pipe sluice .It is a simplest type and the users will appreciate.

Modular Outlets
DESIGN OF PIPE SEMI MODULE (for DIRECT OUTLET )
HYDRAULIC PARTICULARS
DESCRIPTION

UNIT `

PARENT CHANNEL
1 Ayacut

Acres

597.0

PARTICULARS
OUTLET CHANNEL
75.00

2 Discharge (Required/Designed) Cumecs

0.2370 / 0.3460

3 Bed width

1.100

0.300

4 Full Supply Depth

0.500

0.220

5 Free board

0.300

0.300

6 Side slopes (Inner / Outer)

1.50 / 2 : 1 1.50 / 2 : 1

7 Top width of banks L/R

4.000 / 2.50

8 C.B.L.

+ 473.655 + 473.500

9 F.S.L.

+ 474.155 + 473.720

10 T.B.L.

+ 474.455 + 474.020

11 G.L.

+ 474.855 + 474.855

0.030 / 0.033

0.900 / 0.900

Modular Outlets
Discharge through the Pipe Outlet by using Orifice formula:

Q = CA (2g hcnt)1/2
where C = 2. 476
Q = Discharge of Out Let
A = Cross section Area of Pipe
h(cnt) = Head of U/s water surface over the center of pipe
Q = CA (2g hcnt)1/2
Where C = 2.476
Provide Dia of Pipe = 16 cm
Area A = 0.020 m2
Q = 0.033 cumec
hcnt = Q CA 2
= 0.033 2.476x0.02
= 0.350 m > 1.5 times dia of pipe
Provide did. of pipe = 200mm

Hydraulic Design of PSM

The Center line of the Pipe = 474.155 0.350 = 473.805m

Pipe sill level (Invert Level) = 474.155 - 0.350 - 0.08 (pipe radius)
= 473.725m
Height of pipe above CBL = 473.725 475.655 = 0.070m
Pipe invert level
= 473.725m
FSL of 17-R
= 473.720m
Hence the pipe is at free fall condition

Design of PSM

THANK YOU