Building Construction

BUILDING CONSTRUCTION 1 [ARC 1523]
Assignment 1: Experiencing, documentation and analysing

construction process
Tutor: Ar. Chin Tuck Hing
Members:
Cheong Siew Leong 0310845
Lee Yuan June
0311128
Ong Yii Siang
0302692
Phang June Ee
0311954
Tan Ming Long
0311069
Tan Wei How
0310707
Yong Chang Theng 0310925
Table Content
building construction
Title
Introduction (TML)
Introduction of site
Site and Safety
Plants and Machinery
External Work
Foundation (YCT & CSL)
Superstructure (from site visit and reference)
Beam and Column (PJE)
Slab
Wall (OYS)
Staircase
Doors and Windows (TWH)
Roof (LYJ)
Summary (CSL)
Reference
Page
1
2
3-6
7-9
10-13
14-18
19-21
22-23
24-28
29-33
34-39
40-42
43
44
INTRODUCTION
Experiencing Construction by experiencing, documentation and analyzing construction process is the first assignment of
Building Construction. Our task was to visit ongoing construction site which is either medium rise or low rise buildings.
It'sbetter to see once thantohear hundred times. It is a great opportunity for us to explore different types of building
elements and its construction process, details and materials guided by architect and contractor at the construction site.
We have studied and recorded construction of different building elements. We have learnt the basic principles and
procedures of construction process through real life project after visited construction site.
Tan Ming Long, Tan Wei How, Phang June Ee, Cheong Siew Leong, Yong Chang Theng, Lee Yuan June, Ong Yii Siang
INTRODUCTION
Introduction to our site

Address Lot Asal PT129227, Klang Selatan (KS09) Mukim Klang, Klang Bandar Diraja, Selangor Darul Ehsan.
Type Two Storey Semi D House & Two Storey Bungalow Type A & B;
Beginning of construction, Foundation, Superstructure, Doors & Windows, & Roof
A 52 Acres land, building 56 unit of houses. With guided by one of the architects in charge, we have observed and understood
basic information of the whole construction process from earth work, foundation until the almost complete show house unit. We
have observed some good practice and also not good or bad practice of the whole construction process at the site such as the
construction methods, external work, safety issues, hygiene issues and site management.
Site Safety
Most accidents can be prevented by taking simple actions or take on proper working
procedures. sites for easy reference by the workers. If we work carefully and take appropriate
safety measures, there will definitely be less work injury cases, and our sites will become a
safe and secure place to work in.
The Occupational Safety and Health Ordinance, which came into operation on 23 May
1997, covers most workplaces in order to protect the safety and health of employees at
work. Other legislation applicable to construction sites includes the Factories and Industrial
Undertakings Ordinance and its subsidiary legislation, particularly the Construction Sites
(Safety) Regulations.
Site Safety
Personal Safety
Wear protective equipment. Always wear safety helmet, safety

vast and safety footwear at construction site.
Do not drink or take drugs while working.
Pay attention to personal hygiene.
Do not play in the workplace.
Report to your supervisor immediately if you notice any

unsafe condition.
Safety Helmet
Public Safety
Pay attention to public safety. Members of the public are often

unaware of or do not understand the work carried out on
construction sites and the hazards involved.
Take great care to prevent the fall of materials from height.
Do not stack materials on floor edges or on scaffolds.
Safety Vast
Safety Footwear
Site Safety
Safety Sign Board

Safety Sign Board at Our Site
Safety sign boards at the entrance before

go into the construction working area.
Examples of Standard Safety Sign

Board at Construction Site
Safety Sign Board
Example of good practice safety sign

board placed at the entrance of
construction site.
The safety sign boards at our site are

not a good practice because the sign
boards are not big enough, the colours of
the sign are not noticeable and clear.
The site should have install standard
and proper safety sign board to aware
people of their safety on site.
Safety sign board and notice board hanging

at the outside of site office.
Safety sign boards which are more obvious

and clearer at construction site.
Site Safety
Site Security Safety at Construction Site

Construction sites are easy targets for theft; the high value of plant and equipment can lead to quick
and easy profit for the thief. Depending on area, each site will have its own issues of concern.
Construction sites are subject to a number of threats, in which security should be a main concern.
These include theft, vandalism and deliberate damage and terrorism. the perimeter of the construction
site to places frequented by the public should be guarded to the extent in which unauthorized access to
the construction site must be prohibited.
SECURITY FENCING/HOARDING
Fencing can be an effective way of restricting unauthorized entry to a construction site where hazards
are present. the installation of a fence, either permanent or temporary, which should be maintained until
the end on the construction. An unauthorized person is not likely to enter a construction site while there
is a physical barrier such as a fence, rather than, for example, simply a warning sign.
Plants & Machinery
Plants and machineries are the helpful equipment to maximize the outcome with minimum work energy for building
construction. Without these plants and machineries invented, our construction works will be very tough and take long
duration to complete. There are many types of equipment nowadays help in construction process at different stages.
Excavating & earth moving equipment
Trucks & hauling

equipment
Backhoe Loader
Forklift Loader
- An engineering vehicle, which

consists of a shovel/bucket on the front
and a small backhoe on the back. It
uses are digging shallow
excavations/trenches, general grading,
lifting loads and loading & carrying
materials.
- Forklift is a potent industrial truck that is

used to lift and transport material by
steel forks that are inserted under the
load. Forklifts are normally used to move
loads and equipment that is stored on
pallets.
Excavator
- An vehicle consists of a bucket on the
front only. It uses are excavating
below/above natural surface of ground,
digging bigger trenches & pits for
basements, general grading work,
loading onto haul units and lifting.
Truck
- An hauling unit used to transport
excavated materials over a distance at
fairly low costs. Productive capacity
depends on size of loads and number of
trips that can be made in an hour.
Safety measures Operating Load Shifting Machinery
Unless you are a worker concerned, do not work in an area where a loader, an excavator, etc. is in
operation.
Do not operate any load shifting machinery without training and approval.
Operators of forklift trucks, bulldozers, loaders, excavators, trucks or lorries should possess appropriate
certificates.
Plants & Machinery

Lifting & Vertical transportation equipment
Concrete plant & equipment
Telescoping-Boom Truck Mounted Mobile

Crane
- A full revolving superstructure mounted on a
truck with multi section-telescoping boom. It
is used to hoist and place materials and
machineries. This crane can travel on public
roads between projects under own power with
minimum or no dismantling and
reassembling.
Concrete Truck
- It is a mobile concrete mixer truck
which transport the concrete from
factory to construction site. The mixer
tank keeps rolling during transmission
to prevent curing of the mixed
concrete.
Concrete Mixing Plant

Lattice Boom Crawler Mounted Crane
- This crane have full revolving
superstructure mounted on a pair of
crawler tracks. It is used to hoist and place
materials and machineries
- It is a small mobile concrete mixer

which usually use at construction
site.
Pile Driving
equipment
Hydraulic lead Pile Driving Rig
- hydraulic leads utilize a system of
hydraulic cylinders connected between
the bottom of the leads and the driving
rig to control pile position. This system
allows the operator to position the pile
very quickly and accurately.
Plants & Machinery
Other equipment
Pneumatic Air Compressor
Borehole Machine
- It is a portable air compressor. Itis a
machine that is capable of converting
electrical power into kinetic energy,
specifically by utilizing compressed air. Air
compressors are designed to work with
various tool attachments in order to provide
pneumatic power. A variety of electric tools
use the air compressor, including blo-guns,
nail guns, air staplers and others.
- It used to dig a borehole and test the

soil on site. Soil investigations are
necessary for engineering structures
founded in deep excavations. They also
provide important information on the
soil and ground water condition.
Safety Measures on Operating Plants and Machineries
Before you operate a machine, ensure that the dangerous part of the machine has been installed with a
guard.
Avoid going to any area with insufficient lighting as there may be some dangerous places which have
not been provided with fencing.
Keep vigilant all the time and watch out for moving cranes, hooks or other lifting equipment.
Before you use any electrical installation or tool, check the condition of its electric cables.
Avoid dragging electric cables on the ground or allowing the cables to come into contact with water.
Use electrical tools installed with an earth leakage circuit breaker.
Use and handle chemicals with care.
External Work
Excavation
Excavation is the process of moving earth, rock or other materials with tools,
equipment or explosives. It includes earthwork, trenching, wall shafts, tunneling and
underground. Excavation is used in construction to create building foundations,
reservoirs and roads. Some of the different processes used in excavation include
trenching, digging, dredging and site development.
During new construction, site excavation is one of the earliest stages. The site is
excavated to create a level, clean area to work, with the foundations being
established in the excavated area. A site may also be excavated and backfilled to
confirm that the material directly under the site is of high quality. The depth of site
excavation can vary, depending on what is being built and where the building is
occurring.
Safety Measures on Excavations
Keep the fence on all sides of an complete excavation.
Use safe access for access and way out.
Do not pile soil or any other materials at the edge of an

excavation.
Make sure that a trench is securely shored before

working in it.
10
External Work
Sewerage works
It provides the construction and completion of the sewerage
system complete with sewerage pipes including joint, concrete bed
and encasing, formwork, excavation and backfilling; manholes and
inspection chamber including and connection to main sewer line and
make good all works concerned all to the approval of Local Authority.
Our site has install underground sewer piping for sewerage system.
manhole
Excavate trench for sewer pipe installation at

our site.
Sewer Pipe - Underground Installation

Foundation - A foundation is required only when the native trench bottom does not provide a firm working
platform for placement of the pipe bedding material.
Trench Isometric Drawing
Bedding - The bedding directly underneath the pipe is required only to bring the trench bottom up to
grade. It should not be so thick or soft that the pipe will settle and lose grade. The sole purpose of the
bedding is to provide a firm, stable and uniform support of the pipe. A bedding thickness of 100 mm (4")
is most times sufficient.
Haunching - This area is the most important in terms of limiting the vertical deflection of the flexible pipe.
Pipe support is obtained in the haunch zone by compacting soil in both directions away from the pipe to
the undisturbed trench walls.
Initial Backfill - This zone begins above the spring line to a level 150 mm (6") to 300 mm (12") above the
top of the pipe. Compaction here will give little additional side support to the pipe, but may be required to
maintain stability of any above ground surfaces.
Trench Cross Section terminology
Final Backfill - The remainder of the trench fill above the initial backfill provides no support for the pipe
and should be free of stones 150 mm (6") and larger. Compaction may be required
for reasons other than support of the PVC pipe since this zone is very significant in supporting the above
ground surfaces.
11
External Work
Signs and Notices

Signs and notices are essential elements at construction site to guide, show and notice the public , workers
and employees for general information of the construction and safety precautions.
General safety signs, warning signs, prohibition signs, mandatory signs and scaffolding banners are quite
important to minimize the safety issues which is usually and easily to occur at construction site.
Specifically, signs and notices at construction site are used as following:
Administration area and office signs for visitors to report to
Construction Board
Safety signs and notices board

at site office
To help in directing plant and materials deliveries
For security and to act as warnings to the public and employees
For ease of location of administration, safety, health and welfare facilities
To show the names and organizations who are party to the contract
To help maintain good public relations
Safety signs at the entrance of

our site
Administration office sign
Site Plan
12
External Work
Hoarding/ Fencing
Where appropriate, perimeter hoardings should be installed to protect the peripheral space around the
construction site or building. Flat sided hoardings are considered better than fences because they are more
difficult to climb and prevent viewing of the site interior. It is recommended that hoardings or fences should be a
minimum height of 2.4m and high security fences at least 3m.
The construction site that we visited do not install hoarding around, which is not a good example to follow. Our
site only separated by a big drain from the road. The hoarding is important for the security safety to prevent
stealing of building materials from site. It also avoid the public especially children to come into the site
unauthorized and accidents happen in the site.
13
Foundation
Pad Foundation
Suitable for most subsoil except loose sands, loose
gravels and filled areas. Pad foundations are usually
constructed of reinforced concrete and usually square
in plan
Strip Foundation
Suitable for most subsoil and light structural loadings
such as those encountered in low to medium rise
domestic dwellings where mass concrete can be
used. Reinforced concrete is usually required.
Foundation
The lowest part of a building or other construction,
partly or wholly below the surface of the ground, It
is
designed
to
support
and
secure
the
superstructure and transmit its weights directly to
the earth.
Shallow foundation (Raft, Strip & Pad)

transfer the load to the earth at the base of column
or wall of the substructure
Deep foundation (Piled)

Piles are used to penetrate through upper layers of
incompetent soil in order to transfer the load to
competent load bearing soil or rock deeper within
the earth
Raft Foundation
These are used to spread the load of the
superstructure overall large base to reduce the load
per unit area being imposed on the ground and this is
particularly useful where low bearing capacity soils
are encountered and where single column loads are
heavy
Piled Foundation
This is the type of foundation used at the site. The
reason why this foundation is chosen is because the
site is located near to sea where the soil condition is
loose. So, a series of columns are inserted into the
ground to transmit the load(s) of the structure to a
stable load bearing subsoil
14
Foundation
Pile Drive
A pile driver hammers a precast
concrete pile into the ground. The pile
is supported by the vertical structure
(leads) of the pile driver and driven by a
heavy piston mechanism that follows it
down the leads as it penetrates deeper
into soil
Pile used on site

There are many different types of pile.
The pile used on site is PRECAST
CONCRETE PILES
They are square in sizes and reinforced
by rebar. The typical cross-sectional
dimensions range from 25 to 41
Centimeters and bearing capacities
from 45 to 500 tons.
Common mangrove pile

Mangrove piles are used for car porch foundation
on site. They are usually straight tree trunks cut off
above and allowable load ground swell, trimmed of
a branches and the bark removed, usually sizes
between 75 to 125mm in diameter 5 to 10 kn. The
piles must be approved for building construction
first. Then, it must be free of sharp bends ,large or
loose knots, splits or decay.
12
15
Foundation
Piling process
Excavation
Lifting
Hammering Process
-the subsoil of the site is excavated to reduce

level for the construction of pile cap
-The excavated material is disposed off-site by
lorries
-The pile is tied on its lifting lug

-Lifting the pile
-The pile is straighten and ready for
hammering
-The pile is driven into the ground by using drop

hammer
-The subsoil around the pile shaft is displaced
-The pile is hammered into the ground until it
cannot be driven into the soil any further or to
certain depth
The end of the pile is not

structurally connected with the
footing which connect the
column to the base
Cutting of the Pile
Construction of Pile Cap

-The formwork is build by using plywood
-The reinforcement is inserted into the
formwork
-Then, concrete is poured into the
formwork and vibrated it
-the concrete is crushed by Pneumatic hammer

-The reinforcement in the pile is cut by oxy-cutter
-The cut pile is lifted off and disposed
Section of Pile Cap
16
Foundation
Spread Footing
Spread Footing is a structure which help to
spread the weight of a structure throughout its
surface area to provide stability. it can be
categorized into 5 types which are :
The tip of starter bars are tied up in

preparation for the next level where
more rebars will be added to the
existing one
Isolated Footing
Strip Footing
Strip Footing is the made with the
continuous spread footings of
foundation walls
Continuous Footing
Continuous Footing is made from
extended
Reinforced concrete footing in order to
Support a row of columns
This is the type of footing that our

site used. It is an individual footing
supporting free standing columns
and piers
Strap Footing
Strap Footing is made from a column
Footing connected to another footing by
Tie beam in order to support an asymmetrically
imposed load
Combined
Footing
Combined Footing is a reinforced concrete
footing extended out to support an interior
column load
17
Foundation
Correct Foundation Layer
Reinforced Concrete Slab, Minimum Slab Thickness : 10cm
Polyethylene Moisture Barrier (DPM), To prevent water from running into

the ground during concrete curing, Thickness : 0.15mm
Sand Layer, to provide a flat surface for concrete pouring
Compacted Course gravel or crushed stone Layer, to prevent the rise of

groundwater, minimum thickness : 10cm
Stable dense soil base Layer, compaction can be used to improve load
bearing capacity, resistance to water penetration and increase soil
stability
Underground wiring and piping will be installed before the concrete slab is
cast
Wrong Foundation Layer (From Site)
From the site, we found out that the foundation work are not
properly executed
1. Wrong Position of Concrete Rod Spacer (Figure A)
2. No course gravel or crushed stone layer ( Figure B)
Correct way of
placing a concrete
rod spacer
Figure A
Figure B
18
Beam
Beams are rigid structural members designed to carry and transfer
transverse loads across space to supporting elements. The nonconcurrent pattern of forces subjects a beam to bending and
deflection, which must be resisted by the internal strength of the
material. The beam, column and slab that is in our site is constructed
together. It is a continuous casting of concrete column, beam and
slab.
Concrete Beam
Reinforced concrete beams are designed to act together with
longitudinal and web reinforcement in resisting applied forces.
Cast-in-place concrete beams are almost always formed and
placed along with the slab they support. Because a portion of
the slab acts as an integral part of the beam, the depth of the
beam is measured to he top of the slab.
Concrete column
Reinforcing bars extend
into and down column
support for structural
continuity and to
develop the required
embedment length for
anchorage
Reinforcement bar
Concrete beam section
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19
Beam
Constructing concrete beam process
Fix the
reinforcement bar
for concrete
beam
Fix the formwork

for the concrete
beam
Ground beams sometimes are casted

together with the slab, but in our site,
they casted the beams before they cast
the slab.
Pour concrete,
wait for the
concrete to be
cured then remove
the formwork
As for the first floor beam, they casted the
beam together with the slab because it is
not possible to cast the beam first then
the slab later.
12
20
Column
Type of columns
The column that is applied in our site is

concrete column.
Concrete Column
Columns are rigid, relatively slender structural
members designed primarily to support axial
compressive loads applied to the ends of the
members. The concrete column that is built in our
site was built along with the concrete beam and
slab.
Steel column
Concrete column construction process
Concrete column
Fix the
reinforcement bar
for the concrete
column
Fix the formwork

for the concrete
column
Pour concrete, wait for

it to be cured then
remove the formwork
Concrete column
section
Wood/Timber column
12
21
Slab
Two-way Slab
By observing the dimension of
the slab, we concluded that the
slab that is applied in this site is
a two-way slab. A two-way slab
of uniform thickness may be
reinforced in two directions and
cast integrally with supporting
beams and columns on all four
sides of square or nearly square
bays. Two-way slab and beam
construction is effective for
medium spans and heavy loads,
or when a high resistance to
lateral forces is required.
Concrete Slab
Suspended Slab
According to our observation on the site, the type of slab that

they use is concrete slab. Concrete slabs are plate structures
that are reinforced to span either one or both directions of a
structural bay.
The slab in our site doesnt sits

directly on the ground, it is
suspended. They also fill the
suspended area with soil.
Soil / Fill
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22
Slab
Sequence of constructing a concrete slab
Prepare the ground
Reinforce rebar
Damp proof membrane

Concrete slab
Fix the formwork

Sand and Gravel
Install service pipe

Fix the reinforcement bar
Ground soil
Place and compact concrete
Finish the slab surface

Cure the concrete slab
Before curing the concrete slab
After curing the concrete slab
23
Wall
Walls
are often used to support

loads, to insulate the building and
to work as a climatic enclosure,
protecting the building from sun,
wind and rain.
On-site clay brick walls
Walls can be load bearing,

supporting the floor and roofs or
non-load bearing. However, they
always separate a place from
another, working like filters in
space. Their qualities affect the
space they create.
There are different types of walls
made from different materials,
according to the requirements of
the context and the clients wishes.
A wall can be a solid wall that
carries its loads in compression
throughout its length and so it
requires supporting beams or a
continuous foundation.
on-site concrete brick walls
12
24
Wall
Masonry wall
Concrete brick
Masonry walls are made of piled up modular blocks,

usually made of clay, stone, cement or concrete. They are
various ways a masonry wall can be stacked and they
create different patterns. Usually they are hold together
with the help of mortar that is made of sand, cement and
water.
made from solid concrete which is a combination of

Portland cement, aggregates and water.
Clay brick
Made from a mixture of clay and water then pressed
into forms and fired in a kiln.
Specification of standard modular brick
On-site concrete bricks arranged

in English bond
English bond
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25
Wall
Mortar
Types of Mortar Joints
Mortar is a workable paste consists of cement or lime, or a

combination of both with sand and water. It is used as a
bonding agent in masonry construction. A standard mortar
mix for new brickwork would be 1:1:6 (cement:lime:sand)
or1:4 (Portland cement:sand).
On-site concrete bricks with

mortar
12
26
Wall
Procedures of constructing concrete brick wall

Step 1: Measure the length of wall
Start by putting a brick down at each end of the wall. Measure
from the outer edge of the brick at one end to the outer edge of
the brick at the other end to get the length of the wall
Step 2: Measure the brick

Measure the bricks and mark a few marks at 10 inch intervals. add
about 3/8 of an inch onto the length of the bricks to compensate
for the mortar in between the bricks which is a "joint".
Step 3: Consistency
Keep the height of all bricks the same by using a
spirit level.
Step 4: set up the line

Hook a line at both ends so it lines up with the very
top of the two bricks. Then fill up the middle.
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27
Wall
Step 5: continue on the next level
Always start at each end then fill in the middle until the
destined height. Remember to adjust the hook line on every
level.
Step 7: PLASTER & SKIM COAT
Apply the plaster in a smooth layer over the brick wall
and let it dry before applying a second coating which
should be thinner than the first layer. Smooth over the
wall with a skim coat of mud, applied with a special
squeegee knife.
Plastering
Step 6: Wiring and piping

After constructing the brick until the
top, get all kinds of piping ready such
as wire, air conditioner, water and
etc. Then, craft a cylindrical-like
space on the wall vertically or
horizontally depending on the piping
system. After that, start setting up the
pipes.
Skim coating
28
Staircase
A
staircase is a construction
designed to link a large vertical
distance by dividing it into smaller
vertical distances which is called
steps. It allows easy movement
between the different levels of a
design.
Aspect that should be considered
when designing a staircase is the
placement of stairs, ease of travel
and most importantly the safety. Also,
The design of a staircase should take
proper consideration of the width,
landings,
handrails,
guardrails,
treads, risers and nosing which are
the requirements of a staircase.
On-site concrete staircase
12
29
Staircase
Concrete staircase
Quarter Landing Staircase
Concrete staircases are often specified for their strength,

durability, fire protection, flood resistance and sound
reduction properties.
This staircase connects one level to another

where it makes a right-angled turn in the path
of travel. However, the two flights connected
by an intervening landing may be equal or
unequal.
Parts of staircase
On-site concrete Quarter Landing

Staircase
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30
Staircase
Procedures of constructing concrete staircase

Step 1: Calculate the stairs dimension
Standard measurement of Rise (7 inches) and
Tread (11 inches).
Step 2: Determine the foundations dimension

The dimensions of the staircases foundation are the total
length of run and total width of staircase as measured in
step 1.
Measure the height of one floor to the other. (to

get the total number of rise) Divide the height
with 7.25 inches to get the number of steps.
Measure the horizontal distance the staircase
will span (total run) and measure the width of
staircase from left to right (total staircase width).
Step 3: Build the form

Use either plywood or framing lumber to build the form. Cut
the side forms according to the tread and riser calculations.
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31
Staircase
Step 4: Prepare the concrete

produce sufficient and well-mixed mortar with a
portable cement mixer.
Step 6: Add finishing touches

Use a simple wood float to clean and smooth the surface of
the mortars.
Step 5: Pour the mortar

Start at the bottom and pour one step at a time.
Make sure the mortars are spread evenly. Use a
spade to remove the trapped air bubbles.
Step 7: Leave and wait

Spray the stairs with curing compound and cover it with
burlap. After a week, remove the form lumber.
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32
Staircase
glass balustrade
Glass balustrade is used as a modern device to keep the
interior of the living space light and open. It allows light to
flow easily and also add a touch of contemporary glamour.
However, in this case, it comes with disadvantages as well.
Disadvantages/issues of glass balustrade

Stain and fingerprint magnet (glass)
Difficult to Maintain (little space between glass and
stringer)
Unsafe (no handrail)
Solution
install the glass panels above the staircase instead
of fixing beside the stringer so that the wall can be
easily access when cleaning or painting.
Attach handrail to the glass balustrade for safety
purpose.
Figure 5.4.3
On-site Glass Balustrade
33
Door
Door Definition
Sliding Door
A door is an opening or closing

structure used to block off an
entrance, typically consisting of
an interior side that faces the
inside of a space and an exterior
side that faces the outside of that
space.
A sliding door is a type of door which

opens horizontally by sliding, whereby
the door is either mounted on or
suspended from a track.
Single glazing
Weather-strip
Glazing bread
Multi-chambered sash
Easy-to-fit runner
Running track
Thermal break
Mainframe
34
Door
Flush Door
Flush doors are simple interior and
exterior doors that feature plain
facings on both sides of the
construction. The flush doors on
the site are made from wood.
Wood pin
Insulation rubber seal
Solid wood frame
Out covering
Wood veneer
Main Board
Wood block
Bar strip
Wood reinforced
ribbon
Wood pin & Fix plate
Solid wood
35
Window
Windows Definition
- an opening in a wall, door,
passage of light, air and sound.
Types of Windows
roof that allows the
1.
Top
Hung
Window
An awning window is a casement
window that is hung horizontally,
hinged on top.
2.
Side
Hung
Window
A window with a hinged sash that
swings in or out like a door comprising.
3.
Fixed
Window
A window that cannot be opened,
whose function is limited to allowing
light to enter.
4.
Bay
Window
A multi-panel window, with at least
three panels set at different angles to
create a protrusion from the wall line.
5.
Tilt
and
Turn
Window
A tilt and turn window can both tilt
inwards at the top or open inwards
from hinges at the side.
- Modern windows are usually glazed or covered by

transparent or translucent materials, which held in
place by frames.
- Many glazed windows can be opened, to allow
ventilation, or closed, to exclude inclement weather.
- Windows often have a latch or similar mechanism to
lock the window shut.
36
Window
Side Hung Window

A window with a hinged sash that
swings in or out like a door
comprising. The frames of the
fixed windows on the site are
made from aluminium.
Multi-chambered
sash and
mainframe
Weather-strip
Single Glazing
Window hinge
Glazing bread
Step-down frame
0.5cm
1.5m
Casement Window
3cm
3cm
0.5m
0.8m
0.8m
4cm
37
Window
Fixed Window
A window that cannot
be
opened,
whose
function is limited to
allowing light to enter.
The frames of the fixed
windows on the site are
made from aluminium.
Sash and
mainframe
Single Glazing
Weather-strip
Backer rod
Glazing bread
0.5cm
Fixed Window
2m
2cm
3cm
2cm
2cm
1.5m
6cm
38
Window &
Door
Windows Installation
1.
Measure the width

of the rough
opening at the top,
middle, and
bottom and the
height
2.
Center a waterproof
membrane under
the rough opening
to avoid water
infiltration
3.
4.
Door Installation
5.
Double-check the
window is square by
measuring the
frame diagonally
from corner to
corner
1.
Measure the
dimension for
a perfect fit
5.
Screw driven into

the framing. Drive
additional casing
nails along the
sides and top of
the exterior trim
6.
Center a
waterproof
membrane under
the window to
covers the bottom
nailing fin
2.
Build up the sill

area to the proper
height with treated
lumber
6.
Fill the space

between the
doorjamb and the
framing with
minimal expanding
foam insulation
Set the window's sill

into the bottom of
the rough opening,
and tip the frame
into the opening
7.
apply a bead of
caulk to the top
edge of the
window casing,
then press the
flashing in place
3.
Apply a bead of
caulk along the
sides and top of
the door
opening and at
the sill
7.
Cut and install

new interior trim
or reinstall the
old trim
Place a 2-foot level

on the windowsill,
and note its high
side
8.
Fit the sash into

the window
frame.
4.
Shim behind each

hinge. For large
spaces, start with
small squares of
plywood. Then
finish with pairs of
shims
8.
Press foam caulk

backer into the
siding/trim gap.
Apply a neat bead
of caulk between
the siding and the
door trim
39
Roof
Roof Definition
- part of abuilding envelope, both the covering on the
uppermost part of abuildingorshelterwhich provides
protection from animals andweather, notably rain, but
alsoheat,windandsunlight
- There are several types of roof such as gable roof,
hipped roof, gambrel roof, flat roof, mansard roof,
shed roof etc.
- Theshape of roofsdiffers greatly from region to
region. The main factors which influence the shape of
roofs are the climate and the materials available for
roof structure and the outer covering.
Function of roof
1. Insulation Heat transfer through three ways which are convection,
conduction and radiation. In order to prevent heat to transfer into the
house, roof is needed as an insulator to prevent heat from flowing
into the house directly. Materials such as sisalation also being used to
reflect
the
heat
energy
that
transfer
through
convection/conduction/radiation.
Fibre glass were also
add
underneath the roof tiles for insulation.
Gambrel roof
Mansard roof
Gable roof
2.
Hipped roof
Flat roof
Drainage - The primary job of most roofs is to keep out water. The
large area of a roof repels a lot of water, which must be directed in
some suitable way, so that it does not cause damage or
inconvenience.
Shed roof
12
40
Roof
Roofing process
1. After all the levels are done, the roof beam will be
constructed on the column of the level below it.
2. The stiffener will come after roof beam, the
stiffeners are used to support the roofing system.
1
.
2.
3. All the brick will be laid around the stiffener so that

they wont fall over easily
4. After all of the bricks are laid, roof beam will be put
again at the edge of the bricks to make it more stable.
3.
4.
12
41
Roof
Roof layering
- From the bottom until the roof top, there are several
layers in the roofing system.
- The first layer from the bottom is the metal structure or
metal truss which act as the support for the whole roofing
system.
Purlin
- After the metal structure will be the fiber glass layer

which act as an insulator to absorb and reflect heat from
penetrates through roof into the house.
-The third layer is the sisalation which act as an insulator
and also a protector for fiber glass from the water that
flow from the roof top.
-- the final layer will be the roof tiles which act as a cover
for the house from sunlight, wind, rain, etc.
Metal truss/structure
Roof tiles
Sisalation
(aluminium foil)
Roof structure details
Fiber glass
Metal truss/
structure
The type of roofing system used in the site

we choose is metal roofing structure.
42
Summary
2. Piling
1. Excavation
3. Ground Beam
Piling Driver
Pile Cap
Excavator
6. Ground Floor
Slab Completed
Formwork On Ground Beam
5. Formwork Of
Ground Floor Slab
4. Backfilling
Starter Bar
Tied Up Pile
Tip
Scaffolding
10.
Roof Beam
Stiffener
7. Formwork Of
First Floor Beam
8. First Floor
Beam Completed
& Formwork Of
First Floor Slab
Bricklaying
9. First Floor Slab

Completed &
Formwork Of
Staircase & Roof
Beam.
Staircase
Window and Door
Building Construction Process
43
Reference
1. Walls. (n.d.). technicalstudiescsm. Retrieved April 15, 2014, from http://technicalstudiescsm.wordpress.com/

2. Types of Mortar Joints. (n.d.). Types of Mortar Joints. Retrieved April 22, 2014, from http://www.qualityblock.com/joints.html
3. Bricks & Tiles. (n.d.). HubPages. Retrieved April 22, 2014, from http://bits-n-pieces.hubpages.com/hub/bricks-and-tiles
4. Brickwork Types and Brickwork Bonds. (n.d.). 1st Associated. Retrieved April 22, 2014, from http://www.1stassociated.co.uk/brickwork-types-and-brickwork-bonds.asp
5. How to Build a Brick Wall. (n.d.). wikiHow. Retrieved May 1, 2014, from http://www.wikihow.com/Build-a-Brick-Wall
6. Stair. (n.d.). Arhitectis. Retrieved April 24, 2014, from http://www.arhitectis.com/stair.htm
7. Glossary. (n.d.). OZStair. Retrieved April 24, 2014, from http://www.ozstair.com.au/design-centre/glossary/
8. Building Concrete Steps - How To Build Concrete Steps and Stairs. (n.d.).everything-about-concrete.com. Retrieved May 1, 2014, from http://www.everything-aboutconcrete.com/building-concrete-steps.html
9. Balustrade | Staircase Glass. (n.d.).Glass Network. Retrieved May 8, 2014, from http://www.glassnetwork.com.my/pages/products/residential-glass/balustradestaircase-glass.php
10. Stephen, E., & Christopher A. Gorse (2010). Barrys introduction to construction of buildings. (Second edition) West Sussex : John Wiley & Sons Inc.
11. Chudley, R., & Greeno,R. (2004) Building Construction Handbook. Oxford: Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann
12. Francis D. K. Ching (2008) Building Construction Illustrated (Fourth Edition) New Jersey : John Wiley & Sons, Inc
13. Barry,R. (1999) The Construction Of Buildings (Seventh Edition) Oxford : Blackwell Science
14. Edward Allen & Joseph Iano (2004) Fundamental Of Building Construction (Fourth Edition) New Jersey : John Wiley & Sons, Inc
15. Scott Gibson. How to Install a Window. This Old House. Retrieved May 3, 2014 from http://www.thisoldhouse.com/toh/how-to/intro/0,,218006,00.html
16. How to Replace an Exterior Door. The Family Handyman. Retrieved May 8, 2014 from http://www.familyhandyman.com/doors/installation/how-to-replace-an-exteriordoor
17. Occupational Safety and Health Branch Labour Department. (march, 2004). Safety Handbook for Construction Site Workers: Safety First, pg1-7. file:///C:/Users/Win
%208/Downloads/ConstrutionSite.pdf
18. Manitoba Labour and Immigration, Workplace Safety & Health Division. (December 2007). Guideline for Excavation Work. Pg14-27.
file:///C:/Users/0311069/Downloads/excavationwork.pdf
19. L. Barnet, P.E. (2003). Construction Equipment Security. Pg2-4. Florida Partnership for Safety and Health.
file:///C:/Users/0311069/Downloads/Chapter4construction.pdf
20. IPEX. (2010). Installation Guide: Municipal Systems. Pg11-12. file:///C:/Users/0311069/Downloads/PVC%20Sewer%20Pipe%20Install%20Guide%20(1).pdf
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44

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BUILDING CONSTRUCTION 1 [ARC 1523]

Assignment 1: Experiencing, documentation and analysing

Introduction to our site

Wear protective equipment. Always wear safety helmet, safety

Do not drink or take drugs while working.

Pay attention to personal hygiene.

Do not play in the workplace.

Report to your supervisor immediately if you notice any

Pay attention to public safety. Members of the public are often

Take great care to prevent the fall of materials from height.

Do not stack materials on floor edges or on scaffolds.

Safety Sign Board

Safety sign boards at the entrance before

Examples of Standard Safety Sign

Safety Sign Board

Example of good practice safety sign

The safety sign boards at our site are

Safety sign board and notice board hanging

Safety sign boards which are more obvious

Site Security Safety at Construction Site

Plants & Machinery

Excavating & earth moving equipment

Trucks & hauling

- An engineering vehicle, which

- Forklift is a potent industrial truck that is

Safety measures Operating Load Shifting Machinery

Plants & Machinery

Concrete plant & equipment

Telescoping-Boom Truck Mounted Mobile

Concrete Mixing Plant

- It is a small mobile concrete mixer

Plants & Machinery

- It used to dig a borehole and test the

Safety Measures on Operating Plants and Machineries

Use electrical tools installed with an earth leakage circuit breaker.

Use and handle chemicals with care.

Safety Measures on Excavations

Keep the fence on all sides of an complete excavation.

Use safe access for access and way out.

Do not pile soil or any other materials at the edge of an

Make sure that a trench is securely shored before

Excavate trench for sewer pipe installation at

Sewer Pipe - Underground Installation

Trench Isometric Drawing

Trench Cross Section terminology

Signs and Notices

Safety signs and notices board

To help in directing plant and materials deliveries

For security and to act as warnings to the public and employees

For ease of location of administration, safety, health and welfare facilities

To help maintain good public relations

Safety signs at the entrance of

Administration office sign

Shallow foundation (Raft, Strip & Pad)

Deep foundation (Piled)

Pile used on site

Common mangrove pile

-the subsoil of the site is excavated to reduce

-The pile is tied on its lifting lug

-The pile is driven into the ground by using drop

The end of the pile is not

Cutting of the Pile

Construction of Pile Cap

-the concrete is crushed by Pneumatic hammer