Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Behavior
Chapter 3: Perception and Learning
in Organization
Prepared by:
Nur Aisyah Binti Mahbob
(2010312861)
Prepared for:
Miss Syahrina Adliana
Table of Content
1.
1.
2.
2.
3.
3.
4.
4.
5.
5.
6.
6.
Case Summary
Question
Introduction
Body
I.
Check the perception
I.
II.
II. Awareness of Perception Biases
III.
III. Self-awareness
IV.
IV. Interaction and Communication
Conclusion
References
Case Summary
Salmah, an 3 years employee in ABS Corp. A careful,
hardworking, disciplined, ideas contributor employee
in the company. She expected good pay, feedback
and next promotion from her top management.
However, the one who get promoted is Ahmad who is
being a good friend to her boss. She believed
Ahmads promotion is not based on his performance
and skill as Salmah believes that his skill and
performance is not as high as hers. Salmah makes a
perception where her boss being discriminate her
based on sexism by letting Ahmad get promoted.
Salmah began to change from positive to negative
attitude as her perception towards Ahmad and her
boss becomes negative.
Question
With reference to the case,
Salmah may have made
wrong perception towards
her bosss decision. Discuss
the possible decision that
Salmah could take in order
to provide her with more
accurate perception.
Introduction
We
Definition of
Perception.
Perception can be defined as a process of
receiving information about and making
sense of the world around us. (McShane). It
came from a Latin word, percepio, defined
as an organization or interpretation of the
information received to understand the
environment.(Schacter).
ELEMENTS
RESULTS
Informatio
n
Informatio
Attitude
n
Informatio
n
Informatio
n
Informatio
n
Behavior
Perception
Model of the
Perceptual Process
Environmental Stimuli
Feeling
Hearing
Seeing
Smellin
g
Tasting
I.
II.
III.
IV.
Awareness perceptual
biases
Perceptual
biases
occur
when
perceivers beliefs influenced their
evaluation. Such example, if an
employer has a beliefs that man
employee can perform well than
woman employee, a perceptual biases
has occur. By acknowledge this biases
occur, the perceivers need to
minimize the errors of perceiving.
There are 6 types of perceptual errors.
Attribution
Two
Error.
Self-fulfilling
prophecies.
A strong influence situation based on how
we view and label things and consistent
with
the
perceptions.
Self-fulfilling
prophecies has the strong effect in
influencing the perception from the reality.
It affect stronger in the beginning of
relationship, when people has the same
expectation and with people who has low
past achievement. The are 4 steps in
completing this error.
Other
Errors:
Halo-effect
Primary effect
Occurs when first impression based on the
first information the perceivers received
about that person. Example, negative
impression occur when an employer heard
about an employee who always comes late to
Other Errors:
Recency-effect
Occurs when the latest information about a person
overlooked our overall perception towards that
person. Such example, an employer is pleased when
he heard that his new employee is a successful worker
in the past companies.
False-consensus effect
Occurs when the perceiver overestimate the extent to
which others have beliefs and characteristics similar
to our own. Such example, when an employee do not
like his boss, he believe that large percentage of
workers inside the organization has the same thought
Improve Self-Awareness
More powerful to improve and increase
accuracy of perception is by self-awareness.
It help people to become more aware in
detecting the biases in he perception made.
Most of the wrong perception is influenced
by
the
mindset,
own
beliefs
and
environmental factors. In order to reduce the
error, the perceiver must aware of the factor
contributed to the wrong perception.
Generally, getting know ourselves is the way
to reduce the wrong perception and
unknowingly increase the accuracy of the
Johari Window
FEEDBACK
DISCLOSURE
Known to Self
Known
to Others
Unknown
to Others
Open Area
Ex: Hardworking
Hidden Area
Ex: Secret
Unknown to Self
Blind Area
Ex: Negative traits
Unknown Area
Ex: ??
Interaction and
communication
The last method to improve as well as increase the
accuracy of the perception made, interaction or
communication between the perceiver and other is a
must. Feedback is one of the example of
communication and interaction as it gives effect in
someones values and performance as well as it can
interact as a medium of communication between
people.
By
interacting
and
communicating,
perception biases can be reduced and it can increase
the accuracy of the perception. However, it applies
the contact hypothesis where the effect is stronger
when people has close relationship and frequent
interact with each other to work on and achieve the
This is an example
of feedback which
could be a
motivation or
demotivation to an
employee as well
as knowing our
Conclusion
In conclusion, in order to increase the accuracy of
the perception that Salmahs made towards her
bosss decision, she should check the perception,
aware of the perceptual biases, improving selfawareness and communicate and interact with
others. Changing the misperception made
towards her boss and Ahmad could change her
attitude that has changed to the negative as she
start to come late for works, stop contributing
ideas and take unwarranted sick leaves. She
should avoid the misperception and maintain her
role as the employee and continuously contribute
Reference
Smith , A. E., Jussim, L., Eccles, J., VanNoy, M.,
Madon, S., & Palumbo, P. (1998). Self-fulfilling
Prophecies, Perceptual Biases, Accuracy at the
individual and Group Level. Experimental Social
Psychology, 531-533.
Chapter
3:
Perception
and
Learning
Schacter,
Daniel.
(2011).Psychology.
Worth
Publishers
Perception Question
Are the letters straight or
tilted?