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Introduction to Structural
Design of Steel
Monther Dwaikat
Assistant Professor
Department of Building Engineering
An-Najah National University
Contents
Structural Design
Design Loads
Design philosophies
General Introduction
Verification of design
Fabrication & Erection by steel fabricator & contractor
Inspection & Approval by state building official
Primary Responsibilities
Owner
Architect
Engineer
Primary Responsibilities
Fabricator primary responsibility is ensuring that the
Contractor/Erector
State
Structural Design
Steel
Reinforced concrete
Steel-concrete composite construction.
the
Structural Design
Structural Design
NO
Final Design
Structural Design
Serviceability
Optimal design
Economy
Practicality:
Safety:
Cost:
Trusses
Frames ( Beam-Column)
Beams
Girders
Columns
Space trusses/frames
Steel Structures
Purlins
Columns
Beams-Frames
Bracing
Steel Structures
Industrial/Parking
structures Frames
Steel Structures
Joists/Trusses
Steel Structures
Steel Structures
Girder bridges
Steel Structures
Truss bridges
Steel Structures
Structural Members
Structural Members
In trusses:
In frames:
In moment frames
Structural Connections
Structural Connections
Truss connection
Simple Shear
connection
Moment resisting
connection
Structural Loads
Structural Loads
Snow Loads (S): are vertical gravity loads due to snow,
which are subjected to variability due to seasons &
drift.
Type of occupancy
kPa
Offices
2.5 - 5
Corridors
Residential
Stadiums
Sidewalks
12
Wind Loads
Design wind loads for buildings can be based on: (a) simplified
procedure; (b) analytical procedure; & (c) wind tunnel or smallscale procedure.
Wind Loads
Wind Loads
qz Static wind pressure
V - the wind velocity in m/s
Kd - a directionality factor (= 0.85 see Table 6.4 page 80)
Kzt - a topographic factor (= 1.0)
I - the importance factor (=1.0)
Kz - varies with height z above the ground level (see Table 6.3 page 79)
exposure B structure surrounded by buildings/forests/
height
exposure C open terrain
at least 6m
Wind Loads
qz = 402 Kz (N/m2)
The velocity pressure qz is used to calculate the design
wind pressure (p) for the building structure conservatively
as follows:
p = q GCp (N/m2)
Wind Loads
G - gust effect factor (= 0.85)
Cp - external pressure coefficient from Figure 6-6 page 48-49
in ASCE 7-05 or
Cp = 0.8 windward
Cp = -0.5 leeward
Cp = -0.7 sidewalls
Cp = -0.7 slope<0.75
(1.5)
Note that:
A positive sign indicates pressure acting towards a surface.
Negative sign indicates pressure away from the surface
Consider the building structure with the structural floor plan & elevation
shown below. Estimate the wind loads acting on the structure when the
wind blows in the east-west direction. The structure is located in
Nablus.
15 m
15 m
15 m
15 m
Plan
6 @ 3m
6 @ 3m
qz = 402 Kz (N/m2)
pressure (p)
273.4 Kz
145.2
203.3
232.4
3m
221.5
3m
207.8
3m
3m
191.4
180.4
169.5
155.8
3m
145.2
Steels consists almost entirely of iron (over 98%) and small quantities
of carbon, silicon, manganese, sulfur, phosphorus, and other
elements.
Advantages
Disadvantages
Maintenance costs
Fire protection/Fireproofing costs
Susceptibility to buckling failure
Fatigue
Brittle fracture
Types of Steel
ASTM A242
ASTM A992
Fy
Fy
Fu
Fu
The higher the steel strength, the higher the carbon content and
the less ductile it is.
Stress-strain curve
P ( Load )
A ( Area )
Necking & Fracture
Strain Hardening
Fu
Fy
Elastic
Yield plateau
L ( Deformation) Strain
Lo (Original Length)
Limit States
Strength Limit States
a) Loss of Equilibrium
b) Loss of load bearing capacity
c) Spread of local failure
d) Very large deformations
Design Philosophies
Material Strength
FOS
Plastic Design
i Q i i R n
Where Rn is the nominal strength and Q is the load effect for the ith
limit state
If we have the probability distribution of the load effect (Q) and the material
resistance (R) then:
The probability of failure can be represented by observing the probability of the function (R-Q)
The probability of failure PF can be represented as the probability that Q R:
Probability
of failure
Qi i Rn
1 1.4 D
2 1.2 D 1.6 L 0.5( Lr or S or R)
Qi
i Rn