Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Buffer solutions
solutions containing a weak acid and its salt
Indicators (acid-base)
colored acids and bases
Titration curve
chemistry and pH during titration
18 Acid-Base Equilibria
18 Acid-Base Equilibria
Ka Kb and Kw
H+ + Base = Conjugate_acid of Base+
Acid = H+ + Conjugate_base of AcidFor example:
NH3 + H2O = NH4+ + OHKa for NH4+ = Kw / Kb for NH3
[HA]
= [OH-] [H+]
[A-] [H+]
1
= Kw
Ka
3
Ka Kb and Kw - comparison
A- + H2O = HA + OH[HA] [OH-] [H+]
Kb =
[A-]
[H+]
[HA]
= [OH-] [H+]
[A-] [H+]
[A-]
= [H+] [OH-]
[HA] [OH-]
1
= Kw
Ka
1
= Kw
Kb
18 Acid-Base Equilibria
Ka of HA
Kb of A
Kw = Ka Kb
Review qn:
When you add two equations to get a third, what are the
relationship between the Ks?
18 Acid-Base Equilibria
Ka, Kb of A- & Kw
Two ways to show their relationship
A- + H2O = HA + OH[HA] [OH-] [H+]
Kb =
[A-]
[H+]
[HA]
= [OH-] [H+]
[A-] [H+]
1
= Kw
Ka
HA = H+ + A-
Ka
A- + H2O = HA + OH-
Kb
18 Acid-Base Equilibria
Kw = Ka Kb
Hydration problems
What is the pH and concentrations of various species of a 0.100 M
KA salt solution if Ka for HA = 1.0e-5?
(K = potassium, HA a general acid)
Solution:
KA = K+ + AA + H2O (l) = OH(aq) + HA (aq)
0.10-x
x
x
Kb = 1e14/1.0e5 = 1e9
x2
Kb = = 1.0e9
0.10 x
(0.10 x) 0.10 = [A]
x = 1e-9*0.1 = 1e5 = [OH] = [HA]
pOH = 5 (= pKb / 2=10/2); pH = 14 5 = 9 (basic)
18 Acid-Base Equilibria
Kb = Kw / Ka1 = 2.33e-8
Ka2 = 4.8e-11
x = 1.0e5 M
degree of ionization = 1.0e5/0.1 = 1.0e4 = 0.01%
ReDo if [HA] = 0.01 M and [HCl] = 0.10 M?
18 Acid-Base Equilibria
10
11
Buffers
A buffer contains a weak acid and a salt of the same acid.
A buffer contains a weak base and a salt of the same base.
Concentrations of various species for a solution containing 0.10 M each of
KA and HA, Ka = 1.0e5.
KA =
K + + A
0.10
0.10+x
x (0.10+x)
HA = H+ + A Ka = 1.0e5 =
0.10-x
x
0.10+x
0.10-x (0.1-x=0.1+x=0.1)
x = 1.0e5 = [H+]
pH = pKa in this case, because [HA] = [A]
18 Acid-Base Equilibria
12
pH of buffers
For a weak acid, HA, we have
HA =
H+
[H+] [A]
Ka =
[HA]
[A]
log Ka = log [H+] log
[HA]
[A ]
pKa = pH log
[HA]
[A ]
pH = pKa + log
[HA]
18 Acid-Base Equilibria
HendersonHasselbach
equationn
[acid]
13
A buffer solution
A buffer solution is made up using 10.0 mL0.10 M acetic acid (HA,
Ka = 1.7e-5) and 20.0 0.10 M sodium acetate (NaA). Evaluate its pH.
Hint:
[A] = 20.0*0.1 / (20.0+10.0) = 0.067 M
[HA] = 10.0*0.1 / (20.0+10.0) = 0.033 M
[A]
HendersonHasselbach pH = pKa + log
equationn
[HA]
= log (1.7e-5) + log (2/1)
= 4.77 + 0.30 = 5.07
/ [HA] = 2 / 1
pH of a soln by mixing
10.0 mL 0.1 M HCl and
10.0 mL 0.3 M NaA
18 Acid-Base Equilibria
14
18 Acid-Base Equilibria
15
Indicators
Indicators are substances
whose solutions change
color due to changes in pH.
HIn = H+ + In-,
and define the equilibrium constant as Kai,
[H+][In-]
Kai =
[HIn]
Kai
[In-]
=
[H+] [HIn]
16
Common indicators
Acid color pH range
Base color
Methyl violet
Yellow
0 1.6
Blue-violet
Methy orange
Red
3.2-4.4
Yellow
Litmus
Red
5-8
Blue
Phenolphthalein
Colorless
Thymolphthalein
Colorless 9.4-10.6
Name
8.2 - 10.0
18 Acid-Base Equilibria
Pink
Blue
17
Phenolphthalein a indicator
C20H14O4 (MW = 318.33)
Formal name: 3,3-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1(3H)-isobenzofuranone,
3,3-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)phthalide)
Colorless in acidic solution
2
C
H
O
20
12
4
Pink in basic solution,
pH ~ 10
18 Acid-Base Equilibria
18
Titration calculation
When a strong acid is titrated with a strong
base, consider:
The amount of acid present = Va * Ca
The amount of base NaOH added = Vb * Cb
The amount of acid left = Va * Ca - Vb * Cb
Titration of 10.0 mL 1 M
HCl using 1 M NaOH
Base add
0
5
9
9.5
9.9
9.95
pH
1.0
5/15
1/19
.5/19.5
0.1/19.9
0.05/19.95
0
0.48
1.28
1.59
2.30
2.60
10
NaCl soln
10.5
10.10
11
15
20
[OH]
0.05 / 20.05 11.40
0.5 / 20.1 11.70
1 / 21 12.68
5 / 25 13.3
20 / 30 13.92
[H+]
19
Titration curve
Buffersslide 10-11
Weak HA
slide 7
Hydration of
salts
Slides 6 & 7
18 Acid-Base Equilibria
20
Review
In solving x in problems involving equilibrium constant, how do
we know which method to use.
When can we neglect x?
Also, when can we use something like Successive Approxiamation?
In the example given in class, K was quite small, so as done
in other examples, I probably would have neglected x.
Then there is Newton's method where we plug in trial values for x.
18 Acid-Base Equilibria
22
23
Review 2 pH of buffer
25.00 mL of 0.10 M HAc (acetic acid, pKa = 4.75) is titrated with 0.20 M
NaOH solution. What is the pH when 5.00 mL NaOH has been added?
Analysis
The solution containing 25.00 mL 0.10 M HAc
and 5.00 mL 0.20 M NaOH actually contains
5.00 mL * 0.20 mol/L = 1.0 mmol NaAc,
and (25.00*0.10 1.0) mol = 1.50 mmol HAc.
This solution is a buffer
24
Review 3 pH of buffer
25.00 mL of 0.10 M HAc (acetic acid, pKa = 4.75) is titrated with 0.20 M
NaOH solution. What is the pH when 6.25 mL NaOH has been added?
Analysis
The solution containing 25.00 mL 0.10 M HAc
and 6.25 mL 0.20 M NaOH actually contains
6.25 mL * 0.20 mol/L = 1.25 mmol NaAc,
and (25.00*0.10 1.25) mol = 1.25 mmol HAc.
This solution is a buffer
25
Review 4 pH of buffer
25.00 mL of 0.10 M HAc (acetic acid, pKa = 4.75) is titrated with 0.20 M
NaOH solution. What is the pH when 7.00 mL NaOH has been added?
Analysis
The solution containing 25.00 mL 0.10 M HAc
and 7.00 mL 0.20 M NaOH actually contains
7.00 mL * 0.20 mol/L = 1.4 mmol NaAc,
and (25.00*0.10 1.4) mol = 1.10 mmol HAc.
This solution is a buffer
26
27
28
Suppliers:
postapplescientific.com/reagents/buffersoln.html
caledonlabs.com/cgi-bin/products.cgi?category=K
18 Acid-Base Equilibria
29