A

DESSERTATION ON

Experimental Analysis Of Structure

Using Shake Table
PRESENTED
BY
Pathan Majead Hashamsab
Under the Guidance of
Dr. P. B. MURNAL

Department of Applied Mechanics

Government College of Engineering,
Aurangabad.
(2015 - 2016)

Contents:
1.Introduction.
2.Literature survey.
3.Objective.
4.System development.
5.References.
2

Introduction:
Many structures have their fundamental frequencies of vibration within the band of
frequencies .
Structure amplifies the seismic ground vibrations and produces undesirable level of
accelerations .
Cost effective procedure to mitigate such effects is to detach the structure from the
earthquake ground motions.
Main Objective is to keep its response within limits.
The effectiveness of an isolation system depends upon the dynamic characteristics of
the earthquake ground motion and the building superstructure.
Beneficial effects of the isolation system may be significantly reduced for both
moderate and strong earthquakes .

Figure 1. Parameters of Two Degree-of-Freedom Isolated

Equation of motion in matrix form:

By solving above equation we get characteristic of base isolation.

Literature survey:
Anoop Mokha(1991):

A six storey model with three bays is used for performing the analysis.
The columns were bolted to two heavy sections and the bearings
were placed between these beams and the shake table.
The FPS bearings are used.
Aspect ratio of height of model to distance between bearings is 2.25.
Permanent displacement at the bearings was very small and, in
particular, less than 6% of the bearing design displacement.
In tests with the El Centro motion, it was shown that the isolated
structure could sustain a peak table acceleration six times greater than
that it could sustain under fixed-base conditions.

Hsiang-Chuan Tsai(1995):
A five-storey base-isolated building subjected to different earthquake
records.
A tuned mass damper is used to reduce the lateral deformations of
isolator.
little effect on structural response during the first few seconds of
earthquake excitation.
There exists a critical value for the damper damping.
The tuned-mass damper to the structure would enhance the structural
response if the input frequency is lower than the natural frequency of the
structure.
The reduction by the tuned-mass damper becomes more prominent if the
isolation system has less damping.
The proposal for the accelerated tuned-mass damper is only conceptional
and idealistic.
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Jenn-Shin Hwang and Ting-Yu Hsu(2000):

Model and isolation system:
Seismic responses of the test model to the unilateral, bilateral, and triaxial
ground excitations are compared.
Three-story base-isolated steel structure is used.
Phase I test 8 circular LRB, 1 NRB.
Phase II test-6 LRB,3 NRB.
Conclusion:
The effects of the axial force variation have to be carefully considered for
design under unilateral excitation.
Maximum displacement determined from the 1.0 + 0.3 direction
combination rule may not be conservative in case of bilateral and triaxial
excitation.
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Yunfeng Zhang (2001):

Model And Isolation System:
A low-damping base-isolation system and tuned interaction damper is used.
Operation of TI damper requires minimal external power.

Five-story base-isolated structure is used and assumed to remain linearly elastic.

Conclusion:
TI damper is capable of suppressing the base drift of base isolated structures
subjected to near-field earthquake ground motions.

T. Pinkaew (2002):
Model and damper:
20-storey reinforced concrete building is used.
A TMD is installed on top of the structure to reduce the displacement and the
damage.
Both harmonic and the 1985 Mexico City (SCT) ground motions are
considered.
Conclusion :
Effectiveness in terms of displacement reduction is found to be negative.
PGA from 0.685 to 0.841 TMD prevents collapse.
An increase in the yield strength of the structure of about 20-45% .
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R. Giannini (2008):
Model and isolation system:
A steel liquid storage tank with a diameter of 4 m is used.
Two type of isolators are used as high damping rubber bearings and sliding
isolators with elasto-plastic dampers.
Conclusion:
Both the isolators work effectively in reducing the total pressure generated by
the earthquake on the tank wall.
A low increasing of the oscillation amplitude of the liquid surface has been
observed.

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Azlan ADNAN (2011):

Model and Isolation system:
The 2-storey special moment resistant frame is used.
Solid rubber bearings (SRB) and Hollow rubber bearings (HRB) are used.
Conclusion:
The equivalent viscous damping of HRB is 4% higher than SRB.
Recorded floor acceleration decrements of the HRB are 7.1%, 8.2% and 10.9%
higher for base level, floor level and roof level respectively compared to the
SRB.
Not only saving material cost also enhances the seismic isolation capability
without compromising the stability.
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Tomasz Falborski (2012):

Model and isolation system:
A single-storey structure model is used.
The type of the isolation system is elastomeric polymer isolator.
Conclusion :
The structure with the EPB showed a significant decrease in lateral
acceleration.
The free vibration test showed a considerable increase in structural damping.
The use of the EPB showed a substantial improvement in dynamic properties
by reducing the structural vibrations.
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L. Tashkov & L. Krstevska (2013):

Model and isolation system:
Model of Sent Nikita church, model of liquid storage tank, church model of St
Nicolas are used.
Three types of isolation are used such as LRB, HRDB and ALSC floating
isolation for different type of structural models.
Conclusion :
The base isolation with laminated rubber isolators can effectively protect the
historical monuments from severe damage up to limited level of input
acceleration (0.5g for the model).
The ALSC floating-sliding base isolation system preserving the damage of the
model up to 1.5 g.
The base isolation with high strength rubber isolators applied to the model of
tank shows that base isolators with hard rubber dont have any isolation effect.
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 Emiliano Matta (2013) :

Model and damping:
single and multi degrees-of-freedom linear structures are used.
Tuned mass dampers are used as damping devices.
Conclusion :
As far as peak displacement is concerned, the effectiveness of a TMD on a
SDOF structure is similar to that of a TMD of equal effective mass ratio on a
MDOF structure.
RMS velocity or peak acceleration is considered, the effectiveness in the
MDOF case decreases with an increase in the structural period as a result of
uncontrolled higher modes, whereas for the SDOF case, it keeps nearly
constant.
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A. Lucchini (2014):
Model and damping:
8-story shear-type building.
TMDs are installed in the building where more free spare space is available
to house the devices, which is usually at the roof or at the top floor.
Conclusion:
With the increase of the total mass of the TMD system, its performance tends
to improve the building response
With the increase of the uncertainty level, it has been observed that period
and damping of the TMD units increase

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Keri L. Ryan (2015):

Model and isolation system:
A 5-story moment frame building is used in the study.
Triple pendulum bearings are used.
Conclusion :
The vertical excitation introduces a high frequency component into the base
shear that can excite higher modes of the structure.
The occurrence of higher mode effects will depend on the relative horizontal
and vertical mode frequencies of the structure.

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Objective:
The structure model is subjected to harmonic loading analyzed experimentally
under different conditions .
Objects :
To study the behavior of the structural model when it is fixed.

To analyze the structural model when it is base isolated.

To study the behavior of the structural model when TMD is used.
To study the behavior of the structural model when it is base isolated
and TMD is used.
To make the comparison of the above cases.
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SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT
Shake Table Used:
The electric motor driven shake table is used for applying the harmonic
loading to the structural model.

Fig Electric motor driven shake table Fig. Cam follower arrangement

Fig. Types of cams

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MODEL TO BE USED:
Geometric data of the structure:
Sr. No.

Part

Dimension in mm
Depth

Width

Length

Column

25

1200

Slab

12

150

300

Table : Dimension of model

The column and slab are made up of
aluminum.
Mass of structure is 7.14kg.

Fig. Three storied model.

Time period of structure is 0.36 sec.

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The natural frequencies and mode shapes of model:

1 2.77 Hz

I Mode

II Mode

III Mode

7.47 Hz

11.26Hz

2.074

0.571

-1.17

3.591

-1.218

0.48

The top floor acceleration and the relative displacement of structure is

calculated using shake table .
The following graph shows top floor acceleration for different frequencies
for fixed structure.
6
5
4
Top Floor3Acceleration(g)
2
1
0
0

6
8
Frequency(Hz)

10

12

Fig. Frequency vs Top Floor Acceleration.

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Isolated structure :
The structure to be isolated LRB isolation system is selected and designed the dimension
comes out as sown in figure.
The stiffness of LRB is about 70 N/m.
Springs are used as isolation system so that to achieve such a small stiffness.

4
4

30

246

30
Fig. Dimension of LRB (dimensions In mm)
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 References:

Anoop Mokha Experimental Study Of Friction-Pendulum Isolation System,

Journal of Structural Engineering, Vol. 117, No. 4, Paper No. 25738.1991.
Hsiang-Chuan Tsai The Effect of Tuned-Mass Dampers On The Seismic
Response Of Base-Isolated Structures, Journal of Solids Structures Vol. 32,
No. 819, pp. 119-1210, 1995.
C.-C. Lin, J.-F. Wang And J.-M. Vibration Control Identification Of
Seismically Excited M.D.O.F. Structure-PTMD Systems, Journal of Sound
and vibration,vol 240,87-115,2000.
Jenn-Shin Hwang and Ting-Yu Hsu Experimental Study Of Isolated Building
Under Triaxial ground Excitations, Journal of Structural Engineering,
Vol. 126, No. 8, Paper No. 20769,2000.
Yunfeng Zhang Protecting Base-Isolated Structures from Near-Field Ground
Motion by Tuned Interaction Damper, Journal of Engineering Mechanics,
Vol. 128, No. 3, 287295,2002.
T. Pinkaew Seismic effectiveness of tuned mass dampers for damage
Reduction of structures, Engineering Structures,vol.25,39-46.2002.

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R. Giannini Shaking Table Tests Upon A Base Isolated Steel Liquid

storage Tank, The14th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering
October 12-17, 2008, Beijing, China.
Azlan Adnan Seismic Base Isolation of Steel Frame Structure by Hollow
Rubber Bearings, Gazi University Journal of Science vol 24, No. 4, 841853,2011.
Tomasz Falborski, Shaking table experimental study on the base isolation
system made of polymer bearings, 15th World Conference on Earthquake
Engineering LISBOA 2012.
L. Tashkov & L. Krstevska Comparison Between Three Base Isolation
Systems-Shake Table Test Studies, 2013.
Emiliano Matta Effectiveness of Tuned Mass Dampers against Ground
Motion Pulses, Journal of Structural Engineering, Vol.139, No. 2, 188198,
2013.
Peng Zhang Seismic Control of Power Transmission Tower Using
Pounding TMD, Journal of Engineering Mechanics, Vol. 139, No. 10,
13951406, 2013.

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A. Lucchini Robust Design of Tuned Mass Damper Systems for Seismic

Protection of Multistory Buildings, Journal of Structural Engineering,2014.
F.C. Ponzo Shaking table tests of a base isolated structure with double
concave friction pendulums, NZSEE Conference paper No.043,2014.
Keri L. Ryan Influence of Vertical Ground Shaking on Horizontal
Response of Seismically Isolated Buildings with Friction Bearings, Journal
of Structural Engineering,2015.
Manual of the Millenium ltd of shake table.

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Thank you!
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