CITATION

CITATION
Information about a publication (book, journal
article, video, etc.) that allows someone to
identify and locate that publication. Citations for
books usually contain the author's name, the
book's title, place of publication and date of
publication. Citations for journal articles usually
include the author and title of the article, the
title of the journal, the volume number, page
numbers and date of publication.
-

COPYRIGHT
A legal protection that provides the creator of a work
with the sole right to publish, reproduce, and sell that
work

PLAGIARISM
Turning in someone elses work as your own
Why people plagiarize?
A lack of knowledge regarding plagiarism
A lack of knowledge regarding information on the
Internet
A lack of confidence in ones ability to write a paper
A lack of knowledge regarding citing sources
Procrastination: putting off or delaying or deferring an
action to a later time

Plagiarism is not merely copying someone elses

work-for-word.
Four basic forms of plagiarism:
1. Exact: Copying a source word-for-word with no
credit given to the creator
2. Borrowing: Turning in a paper that someone else
has written
3. Unclear: Lack of indicating where the borrowing
begins and ends.
4. Medley: Copying of a resource using a few words
here and there and not providing credit to the
creator

How to avoid plagiarism?

Be aware of what plagiarism entails (its a crime)
Allow your time to write the paper do not
procrastinate
Make certain that all research assignments are
absolutely clear.
Sharpen your time management and planning skills
Learn effective research and writing skills
Use a variety of resources for your research
Take notes when conducting research, writing down
the full source of information
Conduct research using critical-thinking and problemsolving skills-moving away from the cut and paste
mode of research
Write drafts and make copies of research materials
Cite your sources- if you are unsure, cite them
anyway!
Include an annotated bibliography with your research
paper

 Use current references if your topic requires recent

information
Include bibliography cards, note cards,
photocopies of sources, and outlines with your
final paper
Be confident in what you write- research it, study
it, and reflect on it.
Do not succumb to pressures from peers or others
Take pride in your work
Get help if you are confused or uncertain
Remember that you would not want someone else
to borrow your work without giving you proper
credit

TECHNIQUES TO DO YOUR WORK IN

AVOIDING PLAGIARISM
Paraphrase
Restate the information in your own words
Does not require that you use quotation marks,
but it does require proper citation
Summarize
Similar to paraphrase, but it is shorter and even
closer to your own words.
Proper citation is require
Quote
May copy word-for-word, but this requires
quotation marks and proper ciation

Styles of citation
Three commonly used styles
a) Modern Language Association (MLA)
b) American Psychological Association (APA)
c) Chicago Citation Style
For this subject we will focus on the first two styles

AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL
ASSOCIATION (APA)
CITATION

RULES FOR AUTHORS (APA)

a) Start with family name for authors which have family
names,
follow
with coma and initials for other part of the names.
Eg:
Tan, B. T.
Means, G. P.
Puthucheary, M.
b) For names without family names, cite as they are known.
Eg:
Osman Hamzah
Nik Ismail Nik Ishak
c) If two to seven authors, use ampersand (&) before the last
author. Use coma after each family name and in between
each author after initials.
Eg:
Sawyer, C., & Parkin, G. F.
d) More than eight authors, the first six are listed, followed by
an ellipsis and then the last authors name
Eg:
Lofland, L. , Moore, M.H., Estrich. S,
McGillis, D.,

RULES FOR TITLE

a) Capitalize only the first alphabet of the first
word or
names in title and subtitle.
b) Capitalize first alphabet in each word in the
Title of journal and name of seminars except
for preposition.
c) Underline or italic the Title of books and the
Title of
Journal or the source

BOOKS WITH ONE AUTHOR

Format:
Author. (Year). Title of Book. Place of Publication:
Publisher.
Grainger, A. (1993). Controlling tropical deforestation.
London: Earthscan.
Asmah Haji Omar. (1991). Kemahiran berbahasa.
Kuala
Lumpur: Penerbitan Pustaka
Antara.

MORE THAN SEVEN AUTHORS

Format:
First author until sixth author, . . . Last author. (Year).
Title. Place of
publication: Publisher.
Lofland, L. , Moore, M.H., Estrich. S, McGillis, D.,
Spelman, W., Parker, K. , . . . Ali Samad.
(1999). The new
criminology: For a social
theory of deviance.
New York:
Harper & Row.

CORPORATE BODIES AS AUTHORS

Format:
Corporate author. (Year). Title of Book. Place of
Publication: Publisher.
If Government bodies, start with the country or the state.
Malaysia. Kementerian Sains, Teknologi dan Alam
Sekitar. (1990). Industrial technology
development: A
national plan of action. Kuala Lumpur: Kementerian
Sains,
Teknologi dan Alam Sekitar.
Unesco. (1993). Worldwide action in education. Paris:
Unesco.

MORE THAN FIRST EDITION

Format:
Author. (Year). Title of book. Edition. Place of
Publication: Publisher.
Carlton, D. W., & Perloff, J. M. (1994). Modern industrial
organization. (2nd ed.). New York: Harper
Collins College Publishers.
Walker, A. (1993). Pengurusan projek binaan. (Edisi Ke2.) Pulau Pinang: Penerbit Universiti Sains Malaysia

EDITED BOOKS
Format:
Editor. (Ed./Eds.). (Year). Title. Place of publication:
Publisher.
Freeman, H. M. (Ed.). (1990). Hazardous waste
minimization.
New York: McGraw-Hill.
Annuar Abdul Razak, & Abu Bakar Abdul Majid.
(Eds.).
(1997). Islam, science and technology.
Kuala Lumpur:
Institute of Islamic Understanding
Malaysia.

NO AUTHOR OR EDITOR NAMED

Format:
Title. (Year). Place of publication: Publisher.

Hazardous waste minimization. (1990). New

York: McGrawHill.
Islam, science and technology. (1997). Kuala
Lumpur:
Institute of
Islamic Understanding Malaysia.

CHAPTER FROM BOOKS

Format:
Writer of the chapter. (Year). Title of the chapter. In Name
of
the editor. (Ed./Eds.), Title of the book. (pages
of the
chapter). Place of publication:
Publisher.
Damodararao, T., & Sastry, C. A. (1996). Water extraction
from sea water acquifer. In C. A. Sastry (Ed.),
Water
treatment plants (pp. 437-444). New
Delhi: Narosa
Publishing House.
Chieffi, G., & Pierantoni, R. (1987). Regulation of ovarian
steroidogenesis. In D. O. Norris & R. E. Jones
(Eds.), Hormones and reproduction in
fishes,
amphibians, and reptiles (pp.
117-144). New York:
Plenum Press.

JOURNAL ARTICLE
Format:
Writer of the article. (Year). Title of the article. Title
of the Journal, Volume (issue/no.),
page. doi:
Chu, K. H., & Mohd Ali Hashim. (1995). Simulated
counter-current adsorption processes:
A
comparison of modeling strategies. Chemical
Engineering Journal, 56, 59-65.
Brown, R. G. W. (1985). Laser fibre optics in
biotechnology. Trends in
Biotechnology, 3 (8), 200-203.
doi:10.1111/j.1751-0813.2008.00275.x

NEWSPAPER ARTICLE
Format:
Writer of the article. (Year, month day). Title of the
article.
Title of the newspaper, page.
Wan Hasnan Hasan. (1998, September 24). JPS
baiki aliran sungai elak banjir. Utusan
Malaysia, p. 11.

PUBLISHED CONFERENCE PAPER

Format:
Writer of the paper. (Year). Title of the paper. In Editor of
the proceeding (Ed./Eds.), Title of the proceeding
(page). Place of
publication: Publisher.
Jaynes, E. T. (1985). Microscopic prediction. In H.
Hanken
(Ed.) Complex systems, operational
approaches in
neurobiology, physics, and
computers: Proceedings of the
International Symposium on Synergetics at Schloss
Elmau,
Bavaria, May 6-11, 1985, (pp. 254-269).
Berlin: Springer Verlag.

UNPUBLISHED CONFERENCE PAPER

Format:
Writer of the paper. (Year, month). Title of the paper.
Paper presented at / kertaskerja
dibentangkan
dalam name of the
conference, place.
Mohd Amin Mohd Som, Ahmad Jusoh, & Abang
Abdullah Abang
Ali. (1992, September).
Perancangan sumber air untuk kesejahteraan
sejagat. Kertaskerja dibentangkan dalam
Seminar Perancangan Sumber Air, Skudai, Johor.

THESIS / DISSERTATION
Format:
Author. (Year). Title. Unpublished masters
thesis
/ doctoral
dissertation, name of
the university, place.
Safiah Abdullah. (1996). The community structure
of fish
and prawns in small mangrove
creeks in Sungai Sementa Kecil, Selangor,
Peninsular Malaysia.
Unpublished masters
thesis, University of Malaya,
Kuala Lumpur.

JOURNAL ARTICLE THROUGH INTERNET

Format:
Author. (Year). Title of the article. Name of the Journal,
Volume (issue / no), page. Retrieved
from URL address.
Bauer, F. (1997). Selenium and soils in Western United
States. The Electronic Green Journal, 7,
3-10. Retrieved from
http://egj.lib.uidaho.edu/egj07/bauer.htm

If article with doi, cite as in printed form

JOURNAL ARTICLE USING DATABASE ON

CDROM
Format:
Author. (Year, Month). Title of article. Name of the
Journal, Volume (issue/no), page. CDROM.
Name of database. Disc No.
Bonner, J.T. (1999, March). The evolution of evolution.
Natural History, 108(3), 20-23. CDROM.
GPO. Disc No. 99-13-01

MODERN LANGUAGE
ASSOCIATION (MLA) CITATION
STYLE

RULES FOR AUTHORS (MLA)

a) Start with family name for authors which have family
names,
follow with coma and other part of the names.
Eg:
Tan, Bong Tiang.
Means, Gregory P.
Puthucheary, M.
b) For names without family names, cite as they are known.
Eg:
Osman Hamzah
Nik Ismail Nik Ishak
c) If two authors, use and before the last author.Second
author cite as they are known
Eg:
Sawyer, C., and George F. Parkin
d) More than three authors, use et al. after the first author.
Eg:
Lofland, L. ,et al.

RULES FOR TITLE

a) Capitalize the first alphabet of all the word
or
names in title and subtitle.
b) Capitalize first alphabet in each word in the
Title of journal and proceedings of meetings
except for preposition.
c) Italic the Title of books and the Title of
Journal or
the source.

BOOKS WITH ONE AUTHOR

Format:
Author. Title of Book. Place of Publication: Publisher,
Year.
Medium
of Publication.

Grainger, Alan. Controlling Tropical Deforestation.

London: Earthscan,1993. Print.
Asmah Haji Omar. Kemahiran Berbahasa. Kuala
Lumpur: Penerbitan Pustaka Antara, 1991.
Print

BOOKS WITH TWO OR THREE AUTHORS

Format:
List all the authors. Use and before the last
author. Title of the
book. Place of
Publication: Publisher, Year.
Medium of
Publication.

Sawyer, C., P. McCarty., and G.F. Parkin.

Chemistry for
Environmental Engineering.
4th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1994. Print.
Ishak Shari, and K. S Jomo. Apakah Dasar
Ekonomi Baru
Mencapai Perpaduan
Kebangsaan.Petaling Jaya: Institut
Analisa
Sosial, 1984. Print.

MORE THAN THREE AUTHORS

Format:
First author, et al. Title. Place of publication :
Publisher, Year.
Medium of Publication.
Lofland, L. ,et al The New Criminology: For a Social
Theory
of
Deviance. New York: Harper & Row,
1999. Print.

CORPORATE BODIES AS AUTHORS

Format:
Corporate author. Title of Book. Place of Publication :
Publisher, Year. Medium of Publication.
If Government bodies, start with the country or the state.
Malaysia. Kementerian Sains, Teknologi dan Alam
Sekitar. Industrial Technology Development: A
National
Plan of Action. Kuala Lumpur: Kementerian
Sains, Teknologi dan
Alam Sekitar, 1990. Print.
Unesco. Worlwide Action in Education. Paris: Unesco,
1993.
Print.

MORE THAN FIRST EDITION

Format:
Author. Title of book. Edition. Place of Publication :
Publisher, Year. Medium of Publication.
Carlton, D. W., and J. M. Perloff. Modern Industrial
Organization. 2nd ed. New York: Harper Collins
College
Publishers, 1994. Print.
Walker, A. Pengurusan Projek Binaan. Edisi Ke-2. Pulau
Pinang:
Penerbit Universiti Sains Malaysia, 1993.
Print.

EDITED BOOKS
Format:
Editor, ed. Title. Place of publication : Publisher,
Year.
Medium of Publication.
Freeman, H. M. , ed. Hazardous Waste Minimization.
New
York: McGraw-Hill, 1990. Print.
Annuar Abdul Razak, and Abu Bakar Abdul Majid,
eds. Islam, Science and Technology. Kuala Lumpur:
Institute of Islamic
Understanding Malaysia,
1997. Print.

CHAPTER FROM BOOKS

Format:
Writer of the chapter. Title of the chapter. Title of the
book
Ed.Name of the editor/s. Place of publication:
Publisher. Year. Pages of the chapter. Medium of
publication.
Damodararao, T., and C. A. Sastry. Water Extraction
from Sea Water Acquifer. Water Treatment Plants .
Ed.
C. A. Sastry . New Delhi: Narosa Publishing House,
1996.
437-444. Print.
Chieffi, G., & R. Pierantoni. Regulation of Ovarian
Steroidogenesis. Hormones and Reproduction in
Fishes,
Amphibians, and Reptiles. Ed. D. O. Norris and

JOURNAL ARTICLE
Format:
Writer of the article. Title of the article. Title of
the Journal, Volume . issue/no., (Year): page.
Medium of Publication.
Chu, K. H., and Mohd Ali Hashim. Simulated
Counter-Current Adsorption Processes: A
Comparison of Modeling Strategies.
Chemical
Engineering Journal, 56,
(1995) : 59-65. Print.
Brown, R. G. W. Laser Fibre Optics in
Biotechnology. Trends in Biotechnology, 3 .8,
(1985): 200-203. Print.

NEWSPAPER ARTICLE
Format:
Writer of the article. Title of the article.Title of
the newspaper Day Month Year: page. Medium of
Publication.
Wan Hasnan Hasan.. JPS Baiki Aliran Sungai Elak
Banjir.
Utusan Malaysia 24 Sept 1998:
11. Print.

PUBLISHED CONFERENCE PAPER

Format:
Writer of the paper. Title of the paper. Title of the
proceeding. Ed. Editor of the proceeding.
Place of
publication: Publisher, Year. page. Medium of
Publication.
Jaynes, E. T. Microscopic Prediction. Complex Systems,
Operational Approaches in Neurobiology, Physics, and
Computers : Proceedings of the International
Symposium on
Synergetics at Schloss Elmau,
Bavaria, May 6-11, 1985,. Ed. H. Hanken. Berlin:
Springer Verlag, 1985. 254-269. Print.

UNPUBLISHED CONFERENCE PAPER

Format:
Writer of the paper. Title of the paper. Name of the
conference, place, Day Month, Year. Medium of
Publication.

Mohd Amin Mohd Som, Ahmad Jusoh, and Abang

Abdullah Abang Ali. Perancangan
Sumber Air Untuk
Kesejahteraan Sejagat.
Seminar Perancangan Sumber Air,
Skudai,
Johor, 19 Sept 1992. Print.

THESIS / DISSERTATION
Format:
Author. Title. Diss. Name of the university,
Year.
Medium
of Publication.

Safiah Abdullah. The Community Structure of

Fish
and Prawns in Small Mangrove
Creeks in Sungai Sementa Kecil, Selangor,
Peninsular Malaysia.
Diss.
University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur,1996.
Print.

JOURNAL ARTICLE THROUGH INTERNET

Format:
Author. Title of the article. Name of the Journal,
Volume. issue / no, (Year): page. Medium of
Publication.
Access date- Day Month Year < URL
address>.
Bauer, F. Selenium and Soils in Western United
States. The
Electronic Green Journal, 7, (1997):
3-10. Web. 25 Oct 1999
<
http://egj.lib.uidaho.edu/egj07/bauer.htm>.

JOURNAL ARTICLE USING DATABASE ON

CDROM
Format:
Author. Title of article. Name of the Journal, Volume .
issue/no, Month Year: page. CDROM. Name of
database. Disc No :
Bonner, J. T. The Evolution of Evolution. Natural
History,
108.3, March 1999: 20-23. CDROM. GPO.
Disc No.
99-13-01

JOURNAL ARTICLE USING DATABASE (LIBRARY

SUBSCRIPTION SERVICE
Format:
Author. Title of article. Name of the Journal,
Volume .
issue/no, Month Year: page. Name of online
database. Medium of
Publication. Date access.

Bonner, J. T. The Evolution of Evolution. Natural

History,
108.3, Mar 1999: 20-23. Proquest Periodical
Abstracts. Web. 7 Dec 2004.

PAGE FROM THE INTERNET

Format:
Author. Title of the page. Date on the Net / last update.
Medium of Publication. Access date- Day Month
Year
< URL address>.
Dally, Billy. Writing Argumentative Essays. 1997. Web. 26
June
1998.
<http://www.eslplanet.com/teachertools/frntpage.htm>.

Bibliographic Management Tools

Bibliographic software programs provide the
researcher with a personalized inventory, in
database form, of citations and other information
on books, articles, documents, web pages , and
other sources.
It is useful to create a database of citations that can
be called up at any time and inserted into a
research paper in a variety of different formats
These software programs allow the researcher to cite
while you write by automatically inserting citations
into a paper in whatever citation style is preferred.
These programs are also designed to work with library
online catalogs and journal databases so that while
the tools are being used, you can import records
directly into your citation software and have them
at your disposal when writing your paper

Examples of bibliographic software

a)Refworks
b)EndNote
c)ProCite
d)Reference Manager
All four provide basic capabilities needed for keeping
track of your references and provide you with the
ability to:
Save a record of each resource into a personal
database
Organize, search, and retrieve records by categories,
such as author or subject
Integrate with word processing to insert footnotes
and endnotes