Professional Documents
Culture Documents
GRAPHICS
BY
FACULTIES
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
MZCET
MZCET/I
YR/I/GE6152/EG/UNITI
MZCET/I
YR/I/GE6152/EG/UNITI
OBJECTIVES:
To develop in students, graphic skills for
communication of concepts, ideas and
design of Engineering products
To expose them to existing national
standards related to technical drawings.
MZCET/I
YR/I/GE6152/EG/UNITI
MZCET/I
YR/I/GE6152/EG/UNITI
MZCET/I
YR/I/GE6152/EG/UNITI
INSTRUMENTS
Drawing Board
Mini drafter
Set-squares(45
45 & 60 90)
T-square
Protractor(180,
360)
Compass (drafting)
Circle Master
French Curves
Drawing paper &
drawing sheet
Drawing pencil
Scales
MZCET/I
YR/I/GE6152/EG/UNITI
DRAWING BOARD
Drawing board is a
desk or flat surface
with proper
dimensions used to
support sheet.
More recently
engineers and
draftsmen use the
drawing board for
making and
modifying drawings
MZCET/I
on paper withYR/I/GE6152/EG/UNITI
ink
MINI DRAFTER
It is an instrument
used
to
draw
It consists of one
geometrical
shapes
long scale and one
and figures with great
small scale and the
precision.
scales are in 'L'
It does not require any
other instrument like
shaped which can
scale or set squares.
be fit on any
It can be used to draw
drawing board
parallel
lines,
easily.
perpendiculars,
inclined lines of any
degree
with
MZCET/I
8
YR/I/GE6152/EG/UNITI
unmatched speed.
SET SQUARE
A set square is an object used in
engineering and technical drawing, with
the aim of providing a straightedge at a
right angle or other particular planar angle
to a baseline.
These set squares come in two usual
forms, both right triangles: one with 90-4545 degree angles, the other with 30-60-90
degree angles.
MZCET/I
YR/I/GE6152/EG/UNITI
T-SQUARE
A T-square is a technical drawing
instrument used by draftsmen primarily as
a guide for drawing horizontal lines on a
drafting table.
It may also guide a set square to draw
vertical or diagonal lines.
Its name comes from its resemblance to
the letter T.
MZCET/I
YR/I/GE6152/EG/UNITI
10
SCALES (RULER)
A ruler, sometimes called a rule or line
gauge, is an instrument used in geometry,
technical
drawing,
printing
and
engineering/building to measure distances
and/or to rule straight lines.
Youll need to use this instrument
frequently for making technical drawing.
The scales are available in plastic, wooden
and steel material. Generally steel rule is
used to draw engineering drawings.
MZCET/I
YR/I/GE6152/EG/UNITI
11
COMPASS
A compass is a technical drawing
instrument that can be used for inscribing
circles or arcs.
A typical compass is consists of two legs.
One pencil lead is added to a leg and a tip
point to pivot on paper is provided to
another leg.
MZCET/I
YR/I/GE6152/EG/UNITI
12
CIRCLE MASTER
Circle Master is very
helpful
template
type
drawing
instruments
which helps to draw
circles of different radius
at high speed.
It eliminates use of
compass as circle of fixed
radius can be drawn.
It is a flat plate or circular
plate with different sized
holes punched at surface
as shown in figure.
MZCET/I
YR/I/GE6152/EG/UNITI
13
FRENCH CURVES
A French curve is a template
made out of metal, wood or
plastic composed of many
different curves.
It is used in manual drafting
to draw smooth curves of
varying radii.
The curve is placed on the
drawing material, and a
pencil or other implement is
traced around its curves to
produce the desired result.
MZCET/I
YR/I/GE6152/EG/UNITI
14
MZCET/I
YR/I/GE6152/EG/UNITI
15
DRAWING PENCIL
PENCILES
HB pencil (Very
thick line )
USES
Border, Title block, Arrow head and
Free hand sketch.
16
SHARPENER
A pencil sharpener
is a device for
sharpening a
pencil's writing
point by shaving
away its worn
surface.
MZCET/I
YR/I/GE6152/EG/UNITI
17
ERASER
An eraser is used for
removing
pencil
markings on paper or
sheet.
It is very helpful in
removing
unnecessary line of
drawing by rubbing it
on unwanted lines
and points.
MZCET/I
YR/I/GE6152/EG/UNITI
18
19
21
22
MZCET/I
YR/I/GE6152/EG/UNITI
23
25
MZCET/I
YR/I/GE6152/EG/UNITI
26
DRAWING STANDARDS
ANSI American National Standards
Institute
ISO
International
Organization
Standards
MZCET/I
YR/I/GE6152/EG/UNITI
27
UNITS OF MEASURE
International systems of units (SI)
which is based on the meter.
Millimeter (mm) - The common SI unit of
measure on engineering drawing.
Individual identification of linear units is not
required if all dimensions on a drawing are
in the same unit (mm).
The drawing shall however contain a note:
ALL DIMENSIONS ARE IN mm. (Bottom left
corner outside the title
box)
MZCET/I
YR/I/GE6152/EG/UNITI
28
DIMENSIONING
Indicating on a drawing, the size of the
object and other details essential for its
construction and function, using lines,
numerals, symbols, notes, etc.
Dimensions indicated on a drawing should
be those that are essential for the
production, inspection and functioning of
the object and should not be mistaken as
those that are required to make the
drawing of an object.
MZCET/I
YR/I/GE6152/EG/UNITI
29
MZCET/I
YR/I/GE6152/EG/UNITI
30
MZCET/I
YR/I/GE6152/EG/UNITI
31
UNIT I
PLANE CURVES AND FREE HAND SKETCHING
Ellipse
Parabola
Hyperbola
Cycloid
Involute
Epicycloid
Hypocycloid
Free hand sketch
MZCET/I
YR/I/GE6152/EG/UNITI
32
TERMINOLOGY
MZCET/I
YR/I/GE6152/EG/UNITI
33
ENGINEERING CURVES
CONIC SECTIONS
Sections of a right circular cone obtained
by
cutting the cone in different ways.
Depending on the position of the cutting
plane relative to the axis of cone, three
conic sections can be obtained
ELLIPSE (e>1)
PARABOLA (e=1)
HYPERBOLA(e<1)
MZCET/I
YR/I/GE6152/EG/UNITI
34
CONIC SECTIONS
35
MZCET/I
YR/I/GE6152/EG/UNITI
36
ECCENTRICITY METHOD
CD - DIRECTRIX F - FOCUS
EF = 50 mm
D
MZCET/I
YR/I/GE6152/EG/UNITI
37
ECCENTRICITY METHOD
CD - DIRECTRIX F - FOCUS
C
V1
EF = 50 mm
EV1 = 40 mm
VG = 30 mm
Eccentricity (e) = 3 / 4
45
V2
D
MZCET/I
YR/I/GE6152/EG/UNITI
38
ECCENTRICITY METHOD
C
V1
V2
D
MZCET/I
YR/I/GE6152/EG/UNITI
39
ECCENTRICITY METHOD
C
V1
V2
D
MZCET/I
YR/I/GE6152/EG/UNITI
40
ECCENTRICITY METHOD
FOR EXAMPLE
C
110 mm
V1
V2
D
MZCET/I
YR/I/GE6152/EG/UNITI
41
ECCENTRICITY METHOD
DIVIDE IT BY 10 EQUAL PARTS
ie; 110 / 10 = 11 mm
V1
V2
D
MZCET/I
YR/I/GE6152/EG/UNITI
42
ECCENTRICITY METHOD
C
V1
F
1 2 3 4
V2
D
MZCET/I
YR/I/GE6152/EG/UNITI
43
ECCENTRICITY METHOD
C
V1
F
1 2 3 4
V2
D
MZCET/I
YR/I/GE6152/EG/UNITI
44
ECCENTRICITY METHOD
C
V1
F
1 2 3 4
V2
D
MZCET/I
YR/I/GE6152/EG/UNITI
45
ECCENTRICITY METHOD
C
V1
F
1 2 3 4
G
a
a
a
a
V2
MZCET/I
a
YR/I/GE6152/EG/UNITI
46
ECCENTRICITY METHOD
(METHOD AS PER
SYLLABUS)
Using Compass,
For 1 - a as Radius
with F as centre
cut the arc in line 1
V1
F
1 2 3 4
G
a
a
a
a
V2
MZCET/I
a
YR/I/GE6152/EG/UNITI
47
ECCENTRICITY METHOD
(METHOD AS PER
SYLLABUS)
Using Compass,
For 1 - a as Radius
with F as centre
cut the arc in line 1
V1
F
1 2 3 4
G
a
V2
Using Compass,
For 2 - a as Radius
a
a
a
with F as centre
MZCET/I
a
YR/I/GE6152/EG/UNITI
48
ECCENTRICITY METHOD
Similarly ,repeat for all
the rest of lines
V1
F
1 2 3 4
G
a
a
a
a
V2
MZCET/I
a
YR/I/GE6152/EG/UNITI
49
ECCENTRICITY METHOD
Make a smooth curve
with arc points
V1
F
1 2 3 4
G
a
a
a
a
V2
MZCET/I
a
YR/I/GE6152/EG/UNITI
50
ECCENTRICITY METHOD
This is your required
ELLIPSE
V1
F
1 2 3 4
G
a
a
a
a
V2
MZCET/I
a
YR/I/GE6152/EG/UNITI
51
CONIC SECTIONS
PARABO
LA
MZCET/I
YR/I/GE6152/EG/UNITI
52
PARABOLA
TERMINOLOGY OF PARABOLA:-
CONSTRUCTION OF PARABOLA
A. INTERSECTING LINES
METHOD
B. INTERSECTING ARCS
METHOD
MZCET/I
YR/I/GE6152/EG/UNITI
54
ECCENTRICITY METHOD
CD - DIRECTRIX F - FOCUS
EF = 50 mm
D
MZCET/I
YR/I/GE6152/EG/UNITI
55
ECCENTRICITY METHOD
CD - DIRECTRIX F - FOCUS
C
EF = 50 mm
E -V1 = EF/2
V1 -1 = 5 mm
Eccentricity (e) = 1
1 - 2 = 10 mm
V1
1
F
2
D
MZCET/I
YR/I/GE6152/EG/UNITI
56
ECCENTRICITY METHOD
CD - DIRECTRIX F - FOCUS
C
EF = 50 mm
E -V1 = EF/2
V1 -1 = 5 mm
Eccentricity (e) = 1
1 - 2 = 10 mm
Similarly for the rest give 10 mm gap
V1
1
F
2
3
D
MZCET/I
YR/I/GE6152/EG/UNITI
57
ECCENTRICITY METHOD
Make a parallel lines in the points
C
V1
1
F
2
3
D
MZCET/I
YR/I/GE6152/EG/UNITI
58
ECCENTRICITY METHOD
Using Compass,
For E - 1 as Radius
with F as centre
cut the arc in line 1
V1
1
F
2
3
Using Compass,
For E - 2 as Radius
with F as centre
59
ECCENTRICITY METHOD
Similarly ,repeat for all
the rest of lines
V1
1
F
2
3
D
MZCET/I
YR/I/GE6152/EG/UNITI
60
ECCENTRICITY METHOD
Make a smooth curve
with arc points
V1
1
F
2
3
D
MZCET/I
YR/I/GE6152/EG/UNITI
61
CONIC SECTIONS
HYBERBOL
A
MZCET/I
YR/I/GE6152/EG/UNITI
62
HYBERBOLA
63
ECCENTRICITY METHOD
CD - DIRECTRIX F - FOCUS
C
D
MZCET/I
YR/I/GE6152/EG/UNITI
64
ECCENTRICITY METHOD
EF = 55 mm
E -V1 = 22 mm
V1 - G = 33 mm
V1
1
1.5 = 3 / 2
V1 -1 = 5 mm
3 / 2 x 11 / 11 = 33 / 22
1 - 2 = 10 mm
D
MZCET/I
YR/I/GE6152/EG/UNITI
65
ECCENTRICITY METHOD
Make a parallel lines in the points
C
V1
1
G a
a
a
a
MZCET/I
YR/I/GE6152/EG/UNITI
66
ECCENTRICITY METHOD
Using Compass,
For 1 - a as Radius
with F as centre
cut the arc in line 1
V1
1
G a
Using Compass,
For 2 - a as Radius
with F as centre
a
a
MZCET/I
YR/I/GE6152/EG/UNITI
ECCENTRICITY METHOD
Similarly ,repeat for all
the rest of lines
V1
1
G a
a
a
a
MZCET/I
YR/I/GE6152/EG/UNITI
68
ECCENTRICITY METHOD
Make a smooth curve
with arc points
V1
1
G a
a
a
a
MZCET/I
YR/I/GE6152/EG/UNITI
69
ECCENTRICITY METHOD
Final curve with HB
Pencil
V1
1
G a
a
a
MZCET/I
YR/I/GE6152/EG/UNITI
70
CYCLOID
71
CONSTRUCTION OF CYCLOID
Example Problem:construct a cycloid having a generating circle of 50 mm
diameter. Also draw tangent and normal at any point on
the curve.
MZCET/I
YR/I/GE6152/EG/UNITI
72
CONSTRUCTION OF CYCLOID
Solution:Draw a line AB with the distance equal to the circumference of the circle
Circle Diameter (D) = 50 mm
i.e; C = 2 x x 25 = 157 mm
MZCET/I
YR/I/GE6152/EG/UNITI
73
CONSTRUCTION OF CYCLOID
Draw a circle with A as centre for the radius of 25mm
MZCET/I
YR/I/GE6152/EG/UNITI
74
CONSTRUCTION OF CYCLOID
Divide the circle into 12 equal parts
5
4
10
11
12
MZCET/I
YR/I/GE6152/EG/UNITI
75
CONSTRUCTION OF CYCLOID
Divide the line AB into 12 equal parts
i.e; 157 / 12 = 13 mm
3
b
10
11
12
MZCET/I
YR/I/GE6152/EG/UNITI
76
CONSTRUCTION OF CYCLOID
Draw the parallel lines in the points a,b,c,d, etc.
5
4
3
b
10
11
12
MZCET/I
YR/I/GE6152/EG/UNITI
77
CONSTRUCTION OF CYCLOID
Draw a horizontal lines through the points 1,2,3 etcmarked on the circumferen
5
4
3
b
10
11
12
MZCET/I
YR/I/GE6152/EG/UNITI
78
CONSTRUCTION OF CYCLOID
5
4
3
b
10
11
12
1
a
MZCET/I
YR/I/GE6152/EG/UNITI
79
CONSTRUCTION OF CYCLOID
Using Compass,
For a -a as Radius
with a as centre
5
4
3
b
10
11
12
1
a
MZCET/I
YR/I/GE6152/EG/UNITI
80
CONSTRUCTION OF CYCLOID
Using Compass,
For b -b as Radius
with b as centre
5
4
3
b
10
11
12
1
a
MZCET/I
YR/I/GE6152/EG/UNITI
81
CONSTRUCTION OF CYCLOID
Using Compass,
For c -c as Radius
with c as centre
5
4
3
b
10
11
12
1
a
MZCET/I
YR/I/GE6152/EG/UNITI
82
CONSTRUCTION OF CYCLOID
Using Compass,
For d -d as Radius
with d as centre
5
4
3
b
10
11
12
1
a
MZCET/I
YR/I/GE6152/EG/UNITI
83
CONSTRUCTION OF CYCLOID
Similarly, Repeat for the rest of the radius as e e etc
5
4
3
b
10
11
12
1
a
MZCET/I
YR/I/GE6152/EG/UNITI
84
5
4
3
b
10
11
12
1
a
MZCET/I
YR/I/GE6152/EG/UNITI
85
INVOLUTE
86
CONSTRUCTION OF INVOLUTE
Example Problem:Draw an Involute of a circle, whose diameter is 20 mm
MZCET/I
YR/I/GE6152/EG/UNITI
87
CONSTRUCTION OF CYCLOID
Solution:Draw a line AB with the distance equal to the circumference of the circle
Circle Diameter (D) = 20 mm
i.e; C = 2 x x 10 = 62.8 mm
MZCET/I
YR/I/GE6152/EG/UNITI
88
CONSTRUCTION OF CYCLOID
Draw a circle with A as centre for the radius of 10mm
MZCET/I
YR/I/GE6152/EG/UNITI
89
CONSTRUCTION OF CYCLOID
Divide the circle into 12 equal parts
7
8
9
10
2
1
12
11
MZCET/I
YR/I/GE6152/EG/UNITI
90
CONSTRUCTION OF CYCLOID
Divide the line AB into 12 equal parts
7
8
10
2
1
12
11
MZCET/I
YR/I/GE6152/EG/UNITI
91
CONSTRUCTION OF CYCLOID
Make tangent lines in the point 1,2,3 .. upto 11
7
8
394 5 6
10
2
1
12
11
MZCET/I
YR/I/GE6152/EG/UNITI
92
10 11 B
7
8
394 5 6
10
2
1
12
11
MZCET/I
YR/I/GE6152/EG/UNITI
93
10 11 B
4
3
394 5 6
12
11
10
10 11 B
Using Compass,
For A - 1 as Radius
with 1 as centre
MZCET/I
YR/I/GE6152/EG/UNITI
cut 94
the arc in line 1
4
3
394 5 6
12
11
10
10 11 B
Using Compass,
For A - 2 as Radius
with 2 as centre
MZCET/I
YR/I/GE6152/EG/UNITI
cut 95
the arc in line 2
4
3
394 5 6
12
11
10
10 11 B
Using Compass,
For A - 3 as Radius
with 3 as centre
MZCET/I
YR/I/GE6152/EG/UNITI
cut 96
the arc in line 3
4
3
394 5 6
12
11
10
10 11 B
Using Compass,
For A - 4 as Radius
with 4 as centre
MZCET/I
YR/I/GE6152/EG/UNITI
cut 97
the arc in line 4
4
3
394 5 6
12
11
10
10 11 B
Using Compass,
For A - 5 as Radius
with 5 as centre
MZCET/I
YR/I/GE6152/EG/UNITI
cut 98
the arc in line 5
4
3
394 5 6
12
11
MZCET/I
YR/I/GE6152/EG/UNITI
10
10 11 B
Using Compass,
cut the arc in all the
lines as per their
length as radius
99
4
3
394 5 6
12
11
MZCET/I
YR/I/GE6152/EG/UNITI
10 11 B
10
4
3
394 5 6
12
11
MZCET/I
YR/I/GE6152/EG/UNITI
10 11 B
10
CONSTRUCTION OF INVOLUTE
Example Problem:Draw an Involute of a square, whose side is 20 mm
MZCET/I
YR/I/GE6152/EG/UNITI
102
CONSTRUCTION OF INVOLUTE
Solution:Draw a line AB with the distance equal to the circumference of the square
Square side (a) = 20 mm
i.e; C = 4 x 20 = 80 mm
Circumference (C) = 4a
The Line AB = 80 mm
MZCET/I
YR/I/GE6152/EG/UNITI
103
CONSTRUCTION OF INVOLUTE
Draw a square with A as starting point for the side length of 20 mm
MZCET/I
YR/I/GE6152/EG/UNITI
104
CONSTRUCTION OF INVOLUTE
Divide the line AB into 4 equal parts
MZCET/I
YR/I/GE6152/EG/UNITI
105
CONSTRUCTION OF INVOLUTE
Number the corners of the square
MZCET/I
YR/I/GE6152/EG/UNITI
106
CONSTRUCTION OF INVOLUTE
Draw tangent line in each points
MZCET/I
YR/I/GE6152/EG/UNITI
107
Using Compass,
For A - 1 as Radius
with 1 as centre
cut the arc in line 1
3
MZCET/I
YR/I/GE6152/EG/UNITI
108
Using Compass,
For A - 2 as Radius
with 2 as centre
cut the arc in line 2
3
MZCET/I
YR/I/GE6152/EG/UNITI
109
Using Compass,
For A - 3 as Radius
with 3 as centre
cut the arc in line 3
3
MZCET/I
YR/I/GE6152/EG/UNITI
110
2
`
111
2
`
112
EPICYCLOID :
Generating/
Rolling Circle
C1
6
C3
C4
C
2
1
P
C7
r = CP
C2
C6
Directing Circle
= r 3600
R
Solution Steps:
1)When smaller circle will roll on
larger circle for one revolution it
will cover D distance on arc and
it will be decided by included arc
angle .
2)Calculate by formula = (r/R)
x 3600.
3)Construct angle with radius
OC and draw an arc by taking O as
center OC as radius and form
sector of angle .
4)Divide this sector into 8
number of equal angular parts.
And from C onward name them
C1, C2, C3 up to C8.
5)Divide smaller circle
(Generating circle) also in 8
number of equal parts. And next
to P in clockwise direction name
those 1, 2, 3, up to 8.
6)With O as center, O-1 as radius
draw an arc in the sector. Take O2, O-3, O-4, O-5 up to O-8
distances with center O, draw all
concentric arcs in sector. Take
fixed distance C-P in compass, C1
center, cut arc of 1 at P1.
Repeat procedure and locate P2,
MZCET/I
YR/I/GE6152/EG/UNITI
113
HYPOCYCLOID
7
P1
P2
C2
C1
P3
C3
C4
P4
P5
P6
C8
Solution Steps:
1)Smaller circle is
rolling here, inside the
larger circle. It has to
rotate anticlockwise to
move ahead.
2)Same steps should
be taken as in case of
EPI CYCLOID. Only
change is in numbering
direction of 8 number
of equal parts on the
smaller circle.
3)From next to P in
anticlockwise direction,
name 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8.
4)Further all steps are
that of epi cycloid.
This is called
HYPO CYCLOID.
r
3600
R
114
P7
P8
FIRST ANGLE
PROJECTION
FOR T.V.
IN THIS METHOD,
THE OBJECT IS ASSUMED TO BE
SITUATED IN FIRST QUADRANT
MEANS
ABOVE HP & INFRONT OF VP.
V.P.
P.P.
S.V.
F.V.
T
C
E
J
O B
OBJECT IS INBETWEEN
OBSERVER & PLANE.
PP
VP
FV
LSV
Y
R
O
F
.
V
.
S
FO
R
TV
HP
ACTUAL PATTERN OF
PLANES & VIEWS
IN
FIRST ANGLE METHOD
OF PROJECTIONS
MZCET/I
YR/I/GE6152/EG/UNITI
115
F.V
.
X1
L.H.S.V.
F.V.
Y1
T.V.
X
OBSERVER
MZCET/I
YR/I/GE6152/EG/UNITI
116
FOR T.V.
ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS
ALL VIEWS IDENTICAL
FV
SV
x
10
R
FO
.
V
.
S
FO
R
F.V
.
40
40
TOP VIEW
117
FOR T.V.
S.V.
F.V.
ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS
R
FO
.
S.V
FO
R
FRONT VIEW
L.H.SIDE VIEW
F.V
.
YR/I/GE6152/EG/UNITI
TOP VIEW
118
FOR T.V.
F.V.
S.V.
ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS
FRONT VIEW
R
FO
.
V
.
S
FO
R
L.H.SIDE VIEW
F.V
.
TOP VIEW
YR/I/GE6152/EG/UNITI
119
ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS
FOR T.V.
FRONT VIEW
L.H.SIDE VIEW
.V.
S
R
FO
R
FO
.
F.V
TOP VIEW
120
FOR T.V.
F.V.
S.V.
ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS
FRONT VIEW
R
FO
.
S.V
FO
R
F.V
.
TOP VIEW
L.H.SIDE VIEW
121
FOR T.V.
ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS
FRONT VIEW
FO
R
R
FO
L.H.SIDE VIEW
F.V X
.
.
V
.
S
TOP VIEW
YR/I/GE6152/EG/UNITI
122
FOR T.V.
ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS
L.H.SIDE VIEW
FRONT VIEW
R
O
F
.
V
.
S
FO
R
F.V
.
TOP VIEW
MZCET/I
YR/I/GE6152/EG/UNITI
123
FOR T.V.
F.V.
S.V.
ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS
L.H.SIDE VIEW
FRONT VIEW
R
O
F
.
V
.
S
FO
R
F.V
.
TOP VIEW
YR/I/GE6152/EG/UNITI
124
FOR T.V.
F.V.
S.V.
ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS
R
FO
FRONT VIEW
.
V
.
S
FO
R
F.V X
.
YR/I/GE6152/EG/UNITI
L.H.SIDE VIEW
TOP VIEW
125
FOR T.V.
ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS
FRONT VIEW
L.H.SIDE VIEW
R
O
F
.
V
.
S
FO
R
F.V
.
YR/I/GE6152/EG/UNITI
TOP VIEW
126
FOR T.V.
S.V.
F.V.
ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS
FRONT VIEW
R
FO
.
V
.
S
FO
R
L.H.SIDE VIEW
F.V
.
TOP VIEW
127
circles in
Step 3 : Sketch with free hand, all the hidden lines and hidden
circles in all the required views with thin line (2H pencil).
Step 4 : After checking for technical mistakes if any, darken (with
free
hand)
all the visible lines, hidden lines, visible
circles/arcs and
hidden circles/arcs forming the required views with HB pencil.
Step 5 :
hand.
128
An example :
Make free-hand sketches of front, top and right side views of the
pictorial view shown below.
MZCET/I
YR/I/GE6152/EG/UNITI
129
Step 1
MZCET/I
YR/I/GE6152/EG/UNITI
130
Step 2
MZCET/I
YR/I/GE6152/EG/UNITI
131
Step 3 :
MZCET/I
YR/I/GE6152/EG/UNITI
132
Step 4 :
MZCET/I
YR/I/GE6152/EG/UNITI
133
Step 5 :
MZCET/I
YR/I/GE6152/EG/UNITI
134