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GE6152 ENGINEERING

GRAPHICS
BY
FACULTIES
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
MZCET
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OBJECTIVES:
To develop in students, graphic skills for
communication of concepts, ideas and
design of Engineering products
To expose them to existing national
standards related to technical drawings.

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CONCEPTS AND CONVENTIONS


(Not for Examination)

Importance of graphics in engineering


applications Use of drafting instruments
BIS
conventions and specifications Size,
layout and folding of drawing sheets
Lettering and
dimensioning.

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INSTRUMENTS
Drawing Board
Mini drafter
Set-squares(45
45 & 60 90)
T-square
Protractor(180,
360)

Compass (drafting)
Circle Master
French Curves
Drawing paper &
drawing sheet
Drawing pencil

Scales
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DRAWING BOARD

Drawing board is a
desk or flat surface
with proper
dimensions used to
support sheet.
More recently
engineers and
draftsmen use the
drawing board for
making and
modifying drawings
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ink

MINI DRAFTER
It is an instrument
used
to
draw
It consists of one
geometrical
shapes
long scale and one
and figures with great
small scale and the
precision.
scales are in 'L'
It does not require any
other instrument like
shaped which can
scale or set squares.
be fit on any
It can be used to draw
drawing board
parallel
lines,
easily.
perpendiculars,
inclined lines of any
degree
with
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unmatched speed.

SET SQUARE
A set square is an object used in
engineering and technical drawing, with
the aim of providing a straightedge at a
right angle or other particular planar angle
to a baseline.
These set squares come in two usual
forms, both right triangles: one with 90-4545 degree angles, the other with 30-60-90
degree angles.
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T-SQUARE
A T-square is a technical drawing
instrument used by draftsmen primarily as
a guide for drawing horizontal lines on a
drafting table.
It may also guide a set square to draw
vertical or diagonal lines.
Its name comes from its resemblance to
the letter T.

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SCALES (RULER)
A ruler, sometimes called a rule or line
gauge, is an instrument used in geometry,
technical
drawing,
printing
and
engineering/building to measure distances
and/or to rule straight lines.
Youll need to use this instrument
frequently for making technical drawing.
The scales are available in plastic, wooden
and steel material. Generally steel rule is
used to draw engineering drawings.
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COMPASS
A compass is a technical drawing
instrument that can be used for inscribing
circles or arcs.
A typical compass is consists of two legs.
One pencil lead is added to a leg and a tip
point to pivot on paper is provided to
another leg.

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CIRCLE MASTER
Circle Master is very
helpful
template
type
drawing
instruments
which helps to draw
circles of different radius
at high speed.
It eliminates use of
compass as circle of fixed
radius can be drawn.
It is a flat plate or circular
plate with different sized
holes punched at surface
as shown in figure.
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FRENCH CURVES
A French curve is a template
made out of metal, wood or
plastic composed of many
different curves.
It is used in manual drafting
to draw smooth curves of
varying radii.
The curve is placed on the
drawing material, and a
pencil or other implement is
traced around its curves to
produce the desired result.

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DRAWING PAPER & DRAWING


SHEET
Generally a clean white paper or Sheets of
sized varied from A1, A2 (most common),
A3, A4 is used to make technical drawings
on it.

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DRAWING PENCIL
PENCILES
HB pencil (Very
thick line )

USES
Border, Title block, Arrow head and
Free hand sketch.

H pencil (Thick line) Final projections, Hidden edges,


Lettering (Alphabets & Numbers)
2H pencil (Thin line ) Reference lines, Projectors,
Construction lines, Dimension lines,
Extension lines, Leader lines, Section
lines and Centre lines(axis).
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SHARPENER

A pencil sharpener
is a device for
sharpening a
pencil's writing
point by shaving
away its worn
surface.

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ERASER
An eraser is used for
removing
pencil
markings on paper or
sheet.
It is very helpful in
removing
unnecessary line of
drawing by rubbing it
on unwanted lines
and points.
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DRAWING PINS & CLIPS


Drawing clips are used to
hold drawings on drawing
boards which remove
sheet movement while
working.
Drawing pins are used to
attach two or more
sheets together.
They are inserted and
removed by hand, hence
the terms "thumbtack"
and "push pin" is also
used.
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GENERAL RULES FOR DIMENSIONING


Standard sizes of letters and figures
should be used.
All dimensions should be specified in mm.
The use of mm should be avoided by
giving a general note All dimensions are
in mm.
As far as possible dimensions should be
placed outside the views.
Dimension lines should not run in the
direction included in the hatched area.
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Dimensions should
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be taken from visible
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GENERAL RULES FOR


DIMENSIONING
Dimensions should be given from a base line, a
centre line, an important hole, or a finished
surface which may be readily established.
Dimensions should be quoted only once in one
view.
Overall dimensions should be placed outside the
intermediate dimensions.
Dimensions should be placed outside a sectional
view.
Zero should precede the decimal point when the
dimension is less than unity.
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GENERAL RULES FOR


DIMENSIONING

Dimension line should not cross. Also


dimension lines and extension lines should
not cross.
When there are several dimension lines, the
shorter dimension should be nearer the view.
Leaders should not be drawn curved or
made free hand.
Do not use outlines for dimensions.
Same method of dimensioning should be
used for all dimension lines.
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STRAIGHT LETTERS & NUMERALS

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STRAIGHT LETTERS & NUMERALS


Step-1 First draw two horizontal lines of any
length at the distance 10 mm apart from each
other.
Step-2 Then draw vertical lines between the
two horizontal lines at distance 10 mm apart
form each other.
Step-3 Then write down the Capital Alphabet
letters within each box in such a way that each
letter of the alphabet should touch the
boundary of the respective box only. Like in the
same way write down full ABCD.
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Step-4 As per the procedure
described above 24
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INCLINED LETTERS & NUMERALS


Step-1 First draw two horizontal lines of any length at the
distance 10 mm apart from each other.
Step-2 Then draw vertical lines between the two
horizontal lines such that each vertical line should be
inclined at an angle of 75 with the horizontal line & each
line should be at the distance of 10 mm apart from each
other.
Step-3 Then write down the Capital Alphabet letters
within each box in such a way that each letter of the
alphabet should touch the boundary of the respective box
only. Like in the same way write down full ABCD.
Step-4 As per the procedure described above write down
numerals from 1 to 0 in a new line
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DRAWING STANDARDS
ANSI American National Standards
Institute
ISO

International
Organization

Standards

JIS Japanese Standards


BIS Bureau of Indian Standards

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UNITS OF MEASURE
International systems of units (SI)
which is based on the meter.
Millimeter (mm) - The common SI unit of
measure on engineering drawing.
Individual identification of linear units is not
required if all dimensions on a drawing are
in the same unit (mm).
The drawing shall however contain a note:
ALL DIMENSIONS ARE IN mm. (Bottom left
corner outside the title
box)
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DIMENSIONING
Indicating on a drawing, the size of the
object and other details essential for its
construction and function, using lines,
numerals, symbols, notes, etc.
Dimensions indicated on a drawing should
be those that are essential for the
production, inspection and functioning of
the object and should not be mistaken as
those that are required to make the
drawing of an object.
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UNIT I
PLANE CURVES AND FREE HAND SKETCHING

Ellipse
Parabola
Hyperbola
Cycloid
Involute
Epicycloid
Hypocycloid
Free hand sketch
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TERMINOLOGY

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ENGINEERING CURVES
CONIC SECTIONS
Sections of a right circular cone obtained
by
cutting the cone in different ways.
Depending on the position of the cutting
plane relative to the axis of cone, three
conic sections can be obtained
ELLIPSE (e>1)
PARABOLA (e=1)
HYPERBOLA(e<1)
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CONIC SECTIONS

An ellipse is obtained when a section plane AA,


inclined to the axis cuts all the generators of the
cone.
A parabola is obtained when a section plane BB,
parallel to one of the generators cuts thecone.
Obviously, the section plane will cut the base of the
cone.
A hyperbola is obtained when a section plane CC,
inclined to the axis cuts the cone on one side of the
axis.
A rectangular hyperbola is obtained when a section
plane DD, parallel to the axis cuts the cone.
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ECCENTRICITY METHOD
CD - DIRECTRIX F - FOCUS

EF = 50 mm

D
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ECCENTRICITY METHOD
CD - DIRECTRIX F - FOCUS
C

V1

EF = 50 mm
EV1 = 40 mm
VG = 30 mm

Eccentricity (e) = 3 / 4

45

V2

D
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ECCENTRICITY METHOD
C

V1 & V2 are the vertices of your upcoming ellipse

V1

V2

D
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ECCENTRICITY METHOD
C

MEASURE THE DISTANCE

V1

V2

D
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ECCENTRICITY METHOD
FOR EXAMPLE
C

110 mm

V1

V2

D
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ECCENTRICITY METHOD
DIVIDE IT BY 10 EQUAL PARTS

ie; 110 / 10 = 11 mm

V1

V2

D
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ECCENTRICITY METHOD
C

Distance between V1 & 1 = 11 mm


Distance between 1 & 2 = 11 mm
Similarly for 3,4,5. Upto 9 give 11 mm gap

V1

F

1 2 3 4

V2

D
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ECCENTRICITY METHOD
C

Make Parallel lines in 1,2,3,4,5,to 9

V1

F

1 2 3 4

V2

D
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ECCENTRICITY METHOD
C

V1

F

1 2 3 4

V2

D
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ECCENTRICITY METHOD
C

V1

F

1 2 3 4

G
a

a
a
a

V2

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a
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ECCENTRICITY METHOD

(METHOD AS PER
SYLLABUS)

Using Compass,
For 1 - a as Radius

with F as centre
cut the arc in line 1

V1

F

1 2 3 4

G
a

a
a
a

V2

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ECCENTRICITY METHOD

(METHOD AS PER
SYLLABUS)

Using Compass,
For 1 - a as Radius

with F as centre
cut the arc in line 1

V1

F

1 2 3 4

G
a

V2

Using Compass,
For 2 - a as Radius

a
a
a

with F as centre

cut the arc in line 2

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a
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ECCENTRICITY METHOD
Similarly ,repeat for all
the rest of lines

V1

F

1 2 3 4

G
a

a
a
a

V2

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a
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ECCENTRICITY METHOD
Make a smooth curve
with arc points

V1

F

1 2 3 4

G
a

a
a
a

V2

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a
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ECCENTRICITY METHOD
This is your required
ELLIPSE

V1

F

1 2 3 4

G
a

a
a
a

V2

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a
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CONIC SECTIONS
PARABO
LA

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PARABOLA

TERMINOLOGY OF PARABOLA:-

1. The line x-x is called Axis of the Parabola


2. The point F in the axis x-x is known as Focus of
the Parabola
3. The line z-z is called Directrix of the Parabola
4. The line L-R through
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Rectum

CONSTRUCTION OF PARABOLA
A. INTERSECTING LINES
METHOD
B. INTERSECTING ARCS
METHOD

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ECCENTRICITY METHOD
CD - DIRECTRIX F - FOCUS

EF = 50 mm

D
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ECCENTRICITY METHOD
CD - DIRECTRIX F - FOCUS
C

EF = 50 mm
E -V1 = EF/2
V1 -1 = 5 mm

Eccentricity (e) = 1

1 - 2 = 10 mm

V1

1

F

2

D
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ECCENTRICITY METHOD
CD - DIRECTRIX F - FOCUS
C

EF = 50 mm
E -V1 = EF/2
V1 -1 = 5 mm

Eccentricity (e) = 1

1 - 2 = 10 mm
Similarly for the rest give 10 mm gap

V1

1

F

2
3

D
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ECCENTRICITY METHOD
Make a parallel lines in the points
C

V1

1

F

2
3

D
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ECCENTRICITY METHOD
Using Compass,
For E - 1 as Radius

with F as centre
cut the arc in line 1

V1

1

F

2
3

Using Compass,
For E - 2 as Radius
with F as centre

cut the arc in line 2


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ECCENTRICITY METHOD
Similarly ,repeat for all
the rest of lines

V1

1

F

2
3

D
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ECCENTRICITY METHOD
Make a smooth curve
with arc points

V1

1

F

2
3

This is your required


PARABOLA

D
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CONIC SECTIONS
HYBERBOL
A

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HYBERBOLA

TERMINOLOGY OF HYBERBOLA:1. The line x-x is called Axis of the Hyberbola


2. The point F in the axis x-x is known as Focus of the
Hyberbola
3. The line z-z is called Directrix of the Hyberbola
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ECCENTRICITY METHOD
CD - DIRECTRIX F - FOCUS
C

D
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ECCENTRICITY METHOD
EF = 55 mm

Eccentricity (e) = 1.5

E -V1 = 22 mm
V1 - G = 33 mm

V1

1

1.5 = 3 / 2

V1 -1 = 5 mm

3 / 2 x 11 / 11 = 33 / 22

1 - 2 = 10 mm

For the rest of points give 10 mm gap

D
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ECCENTRICITY METHOD
Make a parallel lines in the points
C

V1

1

G a
a

a
a

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ECCENTRICITY METHOD
Using Compass,
For 1 - a as Radius

with F as centre
cut the arc in line 1

V1

1

G a

Using Compass,
For 2 - a as Radius

with F as centre

a
a

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cut the arc in line 2


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ECCENTRICITY METHOD
Similarly ,repeat for all
the rest of lines

V1

1

G a
a

a
a

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ECCENTRICITY METHOD
Make a smooth curve
with arc points

V1

1

G a
a

a
a

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ECCENTRICITY METHOD
Final curve with HB
Pencil

V1

1

G a

This is your required


HYBERBOLA

a
a

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CYCLOID

DEFINITION:A curve generated by a point on the


circumference of a circle which rolls
without slipping along a fixed straight line.
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CONSTRUCTION OF CYCLOID
Example Problem:construct a cycloid having a generating circle of 50 mm
diameter. Also draw tangent and normal at any point on
the curve.

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CONSTRUCTION OF CYCLOID

Solution:Draw a line AB with the distance equal to the circumference of the circle
Circle Diameter (D) = 50 mm

Circle Radius (R) = 25 mm

Circle Circumference (C) = 2R

i.e; C = 2 x x 25 = 157 mm

The Line AB = 157 mm

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CONSTRUCTION OF CYCLOID
Draw a circle with A as centre for the radius of 25mm

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CONSTRUCTION OF CYCLOID
Divide the circle into 12 equal parts

5
4

10
11

12

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CONSTRUCTION OF CYCLOID
Divide the line AB into 12 equal parts

i.e; 157 / 12 = 13 mm

i.e; a b = 13 mm, b c = 13 mm etc


4

3
b

10
11

12

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CONSTRUCTION OF CYCLOID
Draw the parallel lines in the points a,b,c,d, etc.

5
4

3
b

10
11

12

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CONSTRUCTION OF CYCLOID

Draw a horizontal lines through the points 1,2,3 etcmarked on the circumferen

5
4

3
b

10
11

12

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CONSTRUCTION OF CYCLOID

5
4

3
b

10
11

12

1
a

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CONSTRUCTION OF CYCLOID
Using Compass,

For a -a as Radius

cut the arc in point 11 - 1

with a as centre

5
4

3
b

10
11

12

1
a

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CONSTRUCTION OF CYCLOID
Using Compass,

For b -b as Radius

cut the arc in point 10 - 2

with b as centre

5
4

3
b

10
11

12

1
a

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CONSTRUCTION OF CYCLOID
Using Compass,

For c -c as Radius

cut the arc in point 9 - 3

with c as centre

5
4

3
b

10
11

12

1
a

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CONSTRUCTION OF CYCLOID
Using Compass,

For d -d as Radius

cut the arc in point 8 - 4

with d as centre

5
4

3
b

10
11

12

1
a

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CONSTRUCTION OF CYCLOID
Similarly, Repeat for the rest of the radius as e e etc

5
4

3
b

10
11

12

1
a

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This is your CYCLIOD


Make the smooth curve by just touching the arcs in HB Pencil

5
4

3
b

10
11

12

1
a

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INVOLUTE

DEFINITION:An involute is the locus of a point on a string, as the


string unwinds itself from a line or polygon, or a circle,
keeping always the string taut.
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CONSTRUCTION OF INVOLUTE
Example Problem:Draw an Involute of a circle, whose diameter is 20 mm

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CONSTRUCTION OF CYCLOID

Solution:Draw a line AB with the distance equal to the circumference of the circle
Circle Diameter (D) = 20 mm

Circle Radius (R) = 10 mm

Circle Circumference (C) = 2R

i.e; C = 2 x x 10 = 62.8 mm

The Line AB = 62.8 mm

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CONSTRUCTION OF CYCLOID
Draw a circle with A as centre for the radius of 10mm

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CONSTRUCTION OF CYCLOID
Divide the circle into 12 equal parts

7
8

9
10

2
1

12

11

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CONSTRUCTION OF CYCLOID
Divide the line AB into 12 equal parts

7
8

10

2
1

12

11

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CONSTRUCTION OF CYCLOID
Make tangent lines in the point 1,2,3 .. upto 11

7
8


394 5 6

10

2
1

12

11

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10 11 B

7
8


394 5 6

10

2
1

12

11

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10 11 B

4
3


394 5 6

12

11

10


10 11 B

Using Compass,
For A - 1 as Radius
with 1 as centre

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cut 94
the arc in line 1

4
3


394 5 6

12

11

10


10 11 B

Using Compass,
For A - 2 as Radius
with 2 as centre

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cut 95
the arc in line 2

4
3


394 5 6

12

11

10


10 11 B

Using Compass,
For A - 3 as Radius
with 3 as centre

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cut 96
the arc in line 3

4
3


394 5 6

12

11

10


10 11 B

Using Compass,
For A - 4 as Radius
with 4 as centre

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cut 97
the arc in line 4

4
3


394 5 6

12

11

10


10 11 B

Using Compass,
For A - 5 as Radius
with 5 as centre

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cut 98
the arc in line 5

4
3


394 5 6

12

11

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10


10 11 B

Using Compass,
cut the arc in all the
lines as per their
length as radius
99

4
3


394 5 6

12

11

MZCET/I
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10 11 B

10

Make a smooth curve with


arc intersecting points
100

4
3


394 5 6

12

11

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10 11 B

10

Highlight the curve with


HB pencil
This is your INVOLUTE
101

CONSTRUCTION OF INVOLUTE
Example Problem:Draw an Involute of a square, whose side is 20 mm

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102

CONSTRUCTION OF INVOLUTE

Solution:Draw a line AB with the distance equal to the circumference of the square
Square side (a) = 20 mm
i.e; C = 4 x 20 = 80 mm

Circumference (C) = 4a
The Line AB = 80 mm

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103

CONSTRUCTION OF INVOLUTE
Draw a square with A as starting point for the side length of 20 mm

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104

CONSTRUCTION OF INVOLUTE
Divide the line AB into 4 equal parts

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105

CONSTRUCTION OF INVOLUTE
Number the corners of the square

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106

CONSTRUCTION OF INVOLUTE
Draw tangent line in each points

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107

Using Compass,
For A - 1 as Radius
with 1 as centre
cut the arc in line 1
3

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108

Using Compass,
For A - 2 as Radius
with 2 as centre
cut the arc in line 2
3

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109

Using Compass,
For A - 3 as Radius
with 3 as centre
cut the arc in line 3
3

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110

2
`

Make a smooth curve with


arc intersecting points
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111

2
`

Highlight the curve with


HB pencil
This is your INVOLUTE
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112

PROBLEM : DRAW LOCUS OF A POINT ON THE PERIPHERY OF A CIRCLE


WHICH ROLLS ON A CURVED PATH. Take diameter of rolling Circle 50 mm

EPICYCLOID :

And radius of directing circle i.e. curved path, 75 mm.

Generating/
Rolling Circle

C1
6

C3

C4
C

2
1

P
C7

r = CP

C2

C6

Directing Circle

= r 3600
R

Solution Steps:
1)When smaller circle will roll on
larger circle for one revolution it
will cover D distance on arc and
it will be decided by included arc
angle .
2)Calculate by formula = (r/R)
x 3600.
3)Construct angle with radius
OC and draw an arc by taking O as
center OC as radius and form
sector of angle .
4)Divide this sector into 8
number of equal angular parts.
And from C onward name them
C1, C2, C3 up to C8.
5)Divide smaller circle
(Generating circle) also in 8
number of equal parts. And next
to P in clockwise direction name
those 1, 2, 3, up to 8.
6)With O as center, O-1 as radius
draw an arc in the sector. Take O2, O-3, O-4, O-5 up to O-8
distances with center O, draw all
concentric arcs in sector. Take
fixed distance C-P in compass, C1
center, cut arc of 1 at P1.
Repeat procedure and locate P2,

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PROBLEM : DRAW LOCUS OF A POINT ON THE PERIPHERY OF A CIRCLE


WHICH ROLLS FROM THE INSIDE OF A CURVED PATH. Take diameter of

HYPOCYCLOID

rolling circle 50 mm and radius of directing circle (curved path) 75 mm.

7
P1

P2

C2

C1
P3

C3

C4

P4

P5

P6

C8

Solution Steps:
1)Smaller circle is
rolling here, inside the
larger circle. It has to
rotate anticlockwise to
move ahead.
2)Same steps should
be taken as in case of
EPI CYCLOID. Only
change is in numbering
direction of 8 number
of equal parts on the
smaller circle.
3)From next to P in
anticlockwise direction,
name 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8.
4)Further all steps are
that of epi cycloid.
This is called
HYPO CYCLOID.

r
3600
R

OC = R ( Radius of Directing Circle)


CP = r (Radius of Generating Circle)
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P7

P8

FIRST ANGLE
PROJECTION

FOR T.V.

IN THIS METHOD,
THE OBJECT IS ASSUMED TO BE
SITUATED IN FIRST QUADRANT
MEANS
ABOVE HP & INFRONT OF VP.

V.P.

P.P.
S.V.

F.V.

T
C
E
J
O B

OBJECT IS INBETWEEN
OBSERVER & PLANE.

PP

VP
FV

LSV
Y

R
O
F

.
V
.
S

FO
R

TV
HP
ACTUAL PATTERN OF
PLANES & VIEWS
IN
FIRST ANGLE METHOD
OF PROJECTIONS

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F.V
.

1st ANGLE PROJECTION

X1

L.H.S.V.

F.V.

Y1

T.V.

ARRAY OF VIEWS IN 1 ST ANGLE

X
OBSERVER
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FOR T.V.

ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS
ALL VIEWS IDENTICAL
FV

SV

x
10

R
FO

.
V
.
S

FO
R

F.V
.

PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN


DRAW THREE VIEWS OF THIS OBJECT
BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD
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40

40

TOP VIEW

117

FOR T.V.

S.V.

F.V.

ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS

R
FO

.
S.V

FO
R

FRONT VIEW

L.H.SIDE VIEW

F.V
.

PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN


DRAW THREE VIEWS OF THIS OBJECT
MZCET/IMETHOD
BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION

YR/I/GE6152/EG/UNITI

TOP VIEW

118

FOR T.V.

F.V.

S.V.

ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS
FRONT VIEW

R
FO

.
V
.
S

FO
R

L.H.SIDE VIEW

F.V
.

TOP VIEW

PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN


DRAW THREE VIEWS OF THIS OBJECT
MZCET/I METHOD
BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION

YR/I/GE6152/EG/UNITI

119

ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS

FOR T.V.

FRONT VIEW

L.H.SIDE VIEW

.V.
S
R
FO
R
FO
.
F.V

PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN


DRAW THREE VIEWS OF THIS OBJECT
BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD
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TOP VIEW

120

FOR T.V.

F.V.

S.V.

ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS
FRONT VIEW

R
FO

.
S.V

FO
R

F.V
.

TOP VIEW

PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN


DRAW THREE VIEWS OF THIS OBJECT
BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION
MZCET/I METHOD
YR/I/GE6152/EG/UNITI

L.H.SIDE VIEW

121

FOR T.V.

ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS
FRONT VIEW

FO
R

R
FO

L.H.SIDE VIEW

F.V X
.

.
V
.
S

TOP VIEW

PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN


DRAW THREE VIEWS OF THIS OBJECT
MZCET/IMETHOD
BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION

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122

FOR T.V.
ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS
L.H.SIDE VIEW

FRONT VIEW

R
O
F

.
V
.
S

FO
R

F.V
.

PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN


DRAW THREE VIEWS OF THIS OBJECT
BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD

TOP VIEW

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123

FOR T.V.

F.V.

S.V.
ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS
L.H.SIDE VIEW

FRONT VIEW

R
O
F

.
V
.
S

FO
R

F.V
.

TOP VIEW

PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN


DRAW THREE VIEWS OF THIS OBJECT
MZCET/I METHOD
BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION

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124

FOR T.V.

F.V.

S.V.

ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS

R
FO

FRONT VIEW

.
V
.
S

FO
R

PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN


DRAW THREE VIEWS OF THIS OBJECT
MZCET/I
BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION
METHOD

F.V X
.

YR/I/GE6152/EG/UNITI

L.H.SIDE VIEW

TOP VIEW

125

FOR T.V.

ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS
FRONT VIEW

L.H.SIDE VIEW

R
O
F

.
V
.
S

FO
R

F.V
.

PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN


DRAW THREE VIEWS OF THIS OBJECT
MZCET/IMETHOD
BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION

YR/I/GE6152/EG/UNITI

TOP VIEW

126

FOR T.V.

S.V.

F.V.

ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS

FRONT VIEW

R
FO

.
V
.
S

FO
R

L.H.SIDE VIEW

F.V
.

TOP VIEW

PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN


DRAW THREE VIEWS OF THIS OBJECT
BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION
MZCET/I METHOD
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127

GENERAL PROCEDURE FOR SKETCHING


ORTHOGRAPHIC VIEWS FROM PICTORIAL VIEW
(ISOMETRIC VIEW):
Step 1 : Sketch with free hand, the outline of all the required views with
thin line (2H pencil).
Step 2 : Sketch with free hand, all the visible lines and visible
all the required views with thin line (2H pencil).

circles in

Step 3 : Sketch with free hand, all the hidden lines and hidden
circles in all the required views with thin line (2H pencil).
Step 4 : After checking for technical mistakes if any, darken (with
free
hand)
all the visible lines, hidden lines, visible
circles/arcs and
hidden circles/arcs forming the required views with HB pencil.
Step 5 :
hand.

Lettering (both alphabets and numbers) should be done with free


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An example :
Make free-hand sketches of front, top and right side views of the
pictorial view shown below.

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Step 1

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Step 2

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131

Step 3 :

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Step 4 :

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Step 5 :

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