04 Time Study Ho

4.
Time Study
The major objective of this chapter is to
learn how to calculate a time standard
based on stopwatch time study
procedures.
TI 2111 Work System Design and Ergonomics
Time Study
A process for measuring the required time for

performing a given task, by a given method,
by a trained worker, working in a normal
pace.
Why needed?
For methods improvement
For determining time standards

Needs for Time Standard
Developing schedules
Determining wage payment plans
Estimating production costs
Providing a base for estimating productivity
goals
Appraising employee performance
Evaluating alternative process, equipment
Methods for Creating Time

Standards
Direct time study
Cyclic work
Non cyclic work
Work sampling
Synthetic data
Predetermined times
Direct Time Study - Tools
Direct Time Study
Methods improvement
Selection of the examined workers
Explanation (union, managers, workers)
Collecting and recording information
Task division into elements
Methodology
Who to choose?
Select an Average Worker (What is average?)

Experienced operator
Normal pace
Consistency (well defined, understood by all)

No undue strain for entire day (speed/effort)
Pace that should be performed, not average of current rate
Rating accuracy
Worker acceptance
Can you suggest a better method?

Preparation for Timing
Identify the TASK/ CYCLE to be studied before time study

Analyze the Complete Task
Method
Layout of workplace
Equipment used
Environmental conditions
Machine speeds and feeds
Inspection equipment
Communications with foreman, workers
Documents for process, task instructions
Establish relationship
Elemental analysis
Break task into elements
Fundamental definitions
What is an ELEMENT?
Element is a component of job or task that

are logical divisions with easily identifiable
starting and end points, and are repeated
on a regular basis
What is a CYCLE?
Cycle is the completion of the activities

(elements) required to perform the job
under study.
Element Analysis
Every element must have an easily

identifiable starting and ending point
(breakpoints)
No discontinuities between elements
Elements times: 0.04min (short), 0.25min
(reasonable)
Relative frequency must be included
Timing Methods
Continuous
Advantage: Clock never stops, no time omitted

Disadvantage: observer does not know at the job
how individual elements vary
Snapback
Advantage: Observer can note individual variability

within an element and eliminate substraction
Disadvantages: difficult to coordinate eye, watch
and task! Especially when operations are short
Determining Number of
Cycles
Time measurement
Measuring time of
each element
The number of
observation of each
element depends on
the significance level
and required level of
accuracy
Primary time study

(normally 5 to 10
observation)
Examination of the
required number of
observations (N)
Continue study up to N
observations
Re-checking the required
number of observations (n)
N=n
No
N>=n
Yes
End the time study
Recommended number of
cycles/observations
Maytag Company
Approach
Rules for Performing Time

Study
Dont comment to the worker during the task

Stand (dont sit) beside the worker
Write every event (even though it may seems not
important)
Have a good position to observe
Stop the study if the worker seems to be under
pressure and it affects his/her work
Time Study On Cyclic Work
Rating evaluation may be written once in a

couple of cycles
Elements times: 0.04min (short), 0.25min
(reasonable)
Denoting non-cyclic elements
The breakpoint between elements should be
clear (touch, push, etc.).
Types of Elements
Manual/machine (determines the task

duration)
Cyclic/non cyclic
Fixed time/ variable time (i.e. loading time as
a function of weight)
Avoidable/unavoidable unproductive
elements (sometimes hard to identify)
Time Study on Non Cyclic

Work
Use continuous timing

Divide the task into relatively large elements
Write the evaluated performance rate at the
end of each element
Multiply the observed time with the rate and
summarize the data
RATING FACTORS
Do we expect the average

worker to work in normal
rating ?
Rating Evaluation Methods
Subjective judgment
Practice by watching movies
For a study with long elements, rate each
separately
Methods:
Speed rating
Westinghouse
Performance Rating Table

(Westinghouse)
Criteria for Successful

Speed
Rating Evaluation
Experience in the class of work performed

Selection of an operator who gives
performances between 85 and 115
Use of the average value of three or more
independent studies
Elements of Allowances
Personal
Need
Basic
Fatigue
Variable
Fatigue
Unavoidable
Delays
Constant
Allowances
Avoidable
Delays
Extra
Allowances
Special Allowances
Total Allowances Allowances
Normal
Time
Standard
Time
Standard Data Systems

Elemental times, based on previous time
studies, which have been proven to be
accurate and reliable.
Tabulated element standards that allow the
measurement of a specific job without the
use of timing devices.
Construction Cost Estimating
Given we have the plans for a

new building, how much labor is
needed and what will it be used
for?
Punch Press Standard Data

(40 strip)
Given we have a new part to run

through the punch press, what
will be the standard time for
the part?
Advantages Over Direct Time

Study
More consistent standards results

Duplicate time studies on similar operations
are eliminated
Standards are established more rapidly
Less experienced analysts can calculate
standards (use the formula not develop it)
Accurate labor costs and production times
can be estimated before production begins
To Illustrate the development

of standard data
Model
Element 119
130
220
310
311
322
329
10
0.24
0.22
0.23
0.23
0.24
0.22
0.23
20
0.38
0.35
0.35
0.37
0.36
0.36
0.37
30
12.06
10.44
8.71
6.58
10.83
6.34
7.25
40
3.66
4.81
0.00
2.79
5.84
4.55
4.10
50
0.00
1.63
1.91
1.69
1.80
1.45
0.00
60
0.12
0.12
0.13
0.11
0.14
0.14
0.13
Possible Drivers
Model NT 3/4/5
D1
D2
119
15.72
18.00
27.25
20.00
130
16.88
23.50
33.50
16.00
220
10.62
2.50
1.50
11.06
3.00
7.25
311
18.47
25.00
44.00
322
12.34
12.00
18.25
329
11.35
3.00
8.00
Time 30/40/50 (Hrs/1000)
310
18.00
14.00
12.00
D1
10.00
D2
8.00
6.00
4.00
2.00
0.00
0.00
10.00
20.00
30.00
40.00
50.00
Dimensions (D1 and D2 - inches)
Correlation
n X1 X 2 X1 X 2
r
2
2
2
n X2
X1
n X2 X2
Is there a relationship between

D1 and the combined time for
n
X1
X2
X1^2
X2^2
X1*X2
elements
30,
40,
and 50?
1
15.72
18.00
247.1184
324.00
282.96
16.88
23.50
284.9344
552.25
396.68
10.62
2.50
112.7844
6.25
26.55
11.06
3.00
122.3236
9.00
33.18
18.47
25.00
341.1409
625.00
461.75
12.34
12.00
152.2756
144.00
148.08
11.35
3.00
128.8225
9.00
34.05
Sums
96.44
87.00
1389.3998
1669.50
1383.25
r =
0.977
Linear Regression
Y
Y = b0 + b1X
X Y X XY
b0
2
n X 2 X
b1
n XY X Y
n X 2 X
Standard Times for Machining

Operations
How long will it take

to drill a 1-inch hole
through two inches
of malleable cast
iron?

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4.

TI 2111 Work System Design and Ergonomics

A process for measuring the required time for

For methods improvement

For determining time standards

Needs for Time Standard

TI 2111 Work System Design and Ergonomics

Methods for Creating Time

Direct time study

TI 2111 Work System Design and Ergonomics

Direct Time Study - Tools

TI 2111 Work System Design and Ergonomics

Direct Time Study

TI 2111 Work System Design and Ergonomics

Select an Average Worker (What is average?)

Consistency (well defined, understood by all)

Can you suggest a better method?

Preparation for Timing

Identify the TASK/ CYCLE to be studied before time study

Element is a component of job or task that

Cycle is the completion of the activities

Every element must have an easily

TI 2111 Work System Design and Ergonomics

Advantage: Clock never stops, no time omitted

Advantage: Observer can note individual variability

Primary time study

TI 2111 Work System Design and Ergonomics

TI 2111 Work System Design and Ergonomics

TI 2111 Work System Design and Ergonomics

TI 2111 Work System Design and Ergonomics

Rules for Performing Time

Dont comment to the worker during the task

TI 2111 Work System Design and Ergonomics

Time Study On Cyclic Work

Rating evaluation may be written once in a

TI 2111 Work System Design and Ergonomics

Manual/machine (determines the task

TI 2111 Work System Design and Ergonomics

Time Study on Non Cyclic

Use continuous timing

TI 2111 Work System Design and Ergonomics

TI 2111 Work System Design and Ergonomics

Do we expect the average

TI 2111 Work System Design and Ergonomics

Rating Evaluation Methods

TI 2111 Work System Design and Ergonomics

Performance Rating Table

TI 2111 Work System Design and Ergonomics

Criteria for Successful

Experience in the class of work performed

TI 2111 Work System Design and Ergonomics

Total Allowances Allowances

TI 2111 Work System Design and Ergonomics

Standard Data Systems

TI 2111 Work System Design and Ergonomics

Construction Cost Estimating

Given we have the plans for a

TI 2111 Work System Design and Ergonomics

Punch Press Standard Data

Given we have a new part to run

TI 2111 Work System Design and Ergonomics

Advantages Over Direct Time

More consistent standards results

To Illustrate the development