STONE

PRESENTATION BY :RUMAN SIDDIQUE,

DUSHYANT K SINGH
BASIM RAFI AND
ANKITA GOEL

INDEX

DEFINITION OF STONE
CLASSIFICATION OF STONE
QUARRYING OF STONES
DRESSING OF STONES
TESTING OF STONE
SELECTION OF STONE
COMMON BUILDING STONES
ARTIFICIAL STONES
USES OF STONE
CHARACTERISTICS OF GOOD BUILDING STONES
INTRODUCTION TO STONE WORK -RUBBLE AND
ASHLAR MASONRY
DETERIORATION OF STONE
PRESERVATION OF STONE
STONE VS BRICK
BIBLIOGRAPHY

DEFINITION OF
STONE

STONE HAS BEEN DEFINED

AS THE NATURAL ,HARD
SUBSTANCE FORMED FROM
MINERALS AND EARTH
MATERIAL WHICH ARE
PRESENT IN ROCKS.

CLASSIFICATION OF
ROCK (stones)

ROCK
S
GEOLOGICA
PHYSICAL
L

CHEMICAL

QUARRYING OF STONES
The open part of the natural rock
from which useful stone is
obtained is known as quarry.
STONE
Wedge QUARRYING TOOL

Drill
Jumper
Pin
Dipper
Crow bar
Hammer
Tamping bar
Chisel pointed wedge

Methods of Quarrying

Excavating
Wedging
Heating
Blasting

DRESSING OF
STONE

The stones after being quarried are to be

cut into suitable sizes with suitable surfaces
this process is known as the dressing of
stones and it is carried out for the following
purposes:
To obtain a definite and regular shape of
the stone
For pleasing appearance of stones
For proper bedding of stones with good
mortar joints
To achieve less weight for transportation
To provide special shapes for arches ,
coping , pillars etc.

TESTING OF STONES

DUABILITY TEST
CRUSHING TEST
ABSORPTION TEST
SHEAR STRENGTH TEST
TENSILE STRENGTH TEST

SELECTION OF STONE
CONDITIONS WHICH GOVERN SELECTION OF
STONES ARE :
COST
FASHION
ORNAMENTAL VALUE
DURABILITY
SUITABILITY
COLOUR

ARTIFICIAL STONES
1.CONCRETE BLOCK- are cast at site in the construction of
piers or cast in molds for steps , window sills etc.
2.RANSOM STONE- are prepared by mixing soda silicate with
cement to provide decorative flooring.
3.VICTORIA STONE- are granite pieces with the surfaces
hardened by keeping immersed in soda silicate.
4.IMPERIAL STONE- finely crushed granite is washed
carefully and mixed with Portland cement.
5.GARLIC STONE - is produced by moulding a mixture of iron
slag and Portland. These are used as flag stones, surface
drains etc.
6.BITUMINOUS STONE- granite and diorite are impregnated
with prepared or refined tar to form bituminous stone . These
are used for providing noise ,wear and dust resistant stone
surfaces .
7.ARTIFICIAL MARBLE- can be either pre-cast or cast-in-situ.
These are made from Portland gypsum cement and sand.

USES OF STONE

FOUNDATION AND WALL ITEMS

FACING AND ARCHITECTURAL
ITEM
BUILDING ITEMS
ROAD CONSTRUCTION ITEMS
UNDERGROUND STRUCTURES
AND BRIGES
HEAT AND CHEMICAL RESISTANT
ITEMS

CHARACTERSITICS OF GOOD
BUILDING STONE

Appearance
Structure
Strength
Weight
Toughness
Hardness
Porosity and Absorption
Seasoning
Weathering
Fire resistance
Specific Gravity
Thermal Movement

INTRODUCTION TO STONE
WORK
1.

RUBBLE WORK-

which
consists of blocks of stone that
are
either
undressed
or
comparatively roughly dressed
and having wide joints.

2.ASHLAR-

consisting of walls
constructed of carefully dressed
or wrought stone with narrow
joints

DETERIORATION OF
STONES

1.RAIN
2.FROST
3.WIND
4.TEMPERATURE CHANGES
5.VEGETABLE GROWTH
6.MUTUAL DECAY
7.CHEMICAL AGENTS
8.LICHENS

PRESERVATION OF
STONES
PRESERVATION IS ESSENTIAL TO PREVENT ITS
DECAY
METHODS :

Bibliography
BUILDING MATERIALS
BY S.K DUGGAL
BUILDING
CONSTRUCTION AND
TECHNLOGY BY W,B,
MCKAY

THANK
YOU