Ethical Reasoning

DK Sunjaya

dks

PARADOX

Ethics
A set of philosophical beliefs and
practice concerned with questions
of justice, fairness, equity, rights,
allocation of resources, and cost.
tell us what we ought to do
the study of decisions or behavior
that benefits or harms persons and
creatures

dks

Principlism
Beuchamps Childress
Respect for autonomy make
choices and decisions for themselves

Non- maleficence not harming

Beneficence doing good

Justice fairness, equity, impartiality

Ethical

Legal

Modes of
Thinking

Conve
ntional

Theolo
gical

Ethical Theory
Virtues
Natural Laws
Utilitarianism
Deontology
Right

Analysis Ethical

Utilitaria
nism

Commun
itarianis
m

Libertari
anism

Ethical reasoning
Reasoning about right and wrong human
conduct
Concept of making decisions based on
moral belief

role of ethical reasoning is to highlight acts

of two kinds: those that enhance the well
being of others - that warrant our praise and those that harm or diminish the wellbeing of others - and thus warrant our
criticism.

Kasus
Donor organ bayi anencephalus
Pemisahan bayi kembar siam
Pembunuhan balita dengan lumpuh otak

dk_sunjaya@yahoo.co.id

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Ethical Reasoning
Part 2

Ethical reasoning
Reasoning about right and wrong human
conduct
Concept of making decisions based on
moral belief

Issues & Values for Ethical Reasoning

Identifying
Exploring
Prioritizing
Envisioning

Identify Ethical Problems and Courses of Action:

* Identify reasons why the dilemma is open-ended, such as:
o Conflicts of interest (potential conflict among or harm to
people, institutions, society, places, or things)
o Issues of fairness and honesty (e.g., truthfulness, integrity,
trustworthiness, justice, equity, impartiality)

* Ask whether this is a topic, issue, or event that cannot be

discussed openly without tarnishing one person or party
* Discuss why the ideal ethical result might be impossible
to achieve
* Discuss reasons for behaving ethically
* Identify potential courses of action

Objectively Consider Well-Being of Others and Society:

* Explore the interests, assumptions, and values of important

stakeholders
* Explore the ethical dilemma from more than one moral
philosophy, such as:
o Teleology approach; o Egoism approach; o Virtue approach
o Utilitarian approach; o Deontology or Rights approach; o Relativist approach
o Justice or Fairness approach; o Common good approach

* Explore potential biases or rationalizations, such as:

o If its necessary, its ethical
o If its legal and permissible, its proper
o Its just part of the job
o I was just doing it for you
o Im just fighting fire with fire
o It doesnt hurt anyone
o Everyones doing it
o Its OK if I dont gain personally
o Ive got it coming

* Evaluate the completeness, reliability, and credibility of

information sources

Clarify and Apply Ethical Values:

* Identify the best option and identify the values
associated with that choice
* Consider alternative ways to identify the best
choice, such as:
o Prioritize the moral philosophies explored in Step 2
o Ask what the most ethical person would do in this situation
o Ask which values are most important for addressing this problem
o Ask how important it is to maintain high standards for values and
principles

* For the best solution, describe the trade-offs that

are made among the interests of important
stakeholders

Work Toward Ongoing Improvement in

Personal, Organizational, & Social Ethics:
* Ask what the decision maker or others could
learn from this dilemma
* Describe methods for monitoring and
continuously improving ethical values and
principles
* Identify types of ethical problems might occur in
the future and plan how might they be
addressed
* Discuss why it is important to seek continuous
improvement in ethical decision making

An seorang siswi SMP berumur 14 tahun

datang ke tempat praktik dokter bersama
ibunya.
Ibu An meminta dokter menggugurkan
kandungan anaknya
Usia kehamilan 4 minggu
Alasan : An punya kelainan jantung, usia
masih terlalu muda, supaya tidak
dikeluarkan dari sekolah, tidak tahu siapa
ayah dari bayi, malu sama tetangga
Secara etik, bagaimana cara dokter
memikirkan hal ini