PRESENTED BY GROUP 10

What is mobile computing?

Using:

To run stand-alone applications (or access remote applications) via:

wireless networks: IR, BlueTooth, W-LANs, Cellular, W-Packet Data networks, SAT. etc.

By:

small size portable computers, hand-helds, MNC, and other small wearable devices,

nomadic and mobile users

Aspects of mobility

User mobility

Between different geographical locations

Between different networks

Between different communication devices

Between different applications

Device portability

Between different geographical locations

Between different networks

Applications of mobile computing

Vehicles

transmission of news, road condition, weather, music via DAB

personal communication using GSM

position via GPS

local ad-hoc network with vehicles close-by to prevent accidents, guidance system,
redundancy

vehicle data (e.g., from busses, high-speed trains) can be transmitted in advance for
maintenance

Medical

Sales

Nurses/Doctors in Medical offices are now using Wireless Tablet PCs/WLAN to collect and
share patient information.
Sales representatives are using Tablet PCs with Smart phones for presentation,
transmitting/access information among office, hotel, and customer location.

Emergencies

Early transmission of patient data to the hospital, current status, first diagnosis

Provide mobile infrastructure in dealing with Natural Disaster (earthquake, hurricane, fire),
terrorist attacks, war, ...

Natural evolution of computing

More
Flexible
Resourc
e
Usage

LANs + WorkStations

Timesharing
Single
User
OS

Mobile Computing

Networking

Batch

Freedom from Collocation

Challenges in mobile computing

Mobility means changes

Hardware

Low bandwidth, high bandwidth variability

Locality adaptation

Higher loss-rates, higher delays, more jitter

Different devices, interfaces and protocols

Location awareness

Devices more vulnerable, endpoint authentication harder

Heterogeneous network

Kbit/s to Mbit/s, bandwidth fluctuation

Security risk

Lighter, smaller, energy management, user interface

Connection setup time, hand-off

Restrictive regulations of frequencies

Frequencies have to be coordinated

Overview of mobile devices

Pager
receive only
tiny displays
simple text
messages

Sensors,
embedded
controllers

Smart phone
voice, data
simple graphical displays

Wearable device
human wearable
non standard I/O

Laptop
fully functional
standard applications

PDA
graphical displays
character recognition

performance

Wireless Communication
Technology

(IMT-2000)

Wireless LAN

A wireless local area network(LAN) is a flexible data

communications system implemented as an extension to, or as
an alternative for, a wired LAN.

Using radio frequency (RF) technology, wireless LANs transmit and

receive data over the air, minimizing the need for wired connections.

Thus, combining data connectivity with user mobility.

Mobile IP

Mobile IP is designed to allow mobile device users to move

from one network to another while maintaining their
permanent IP address.
Motivation:

Changing the IP address is not desired when host moves.

However, traditional scheme requires to change IP address when host
moves between networks.

Mobile IP provides an efficient, scalable mechanism for node

mobility within the Internet. Mobile IP allows moving devices to
maintain transport and higher-layer connections while moving.
Applications:

Mobile IP is most often found in wireless WAN environments where users

need to carry their mobile devices across multiple LANs with different IP
addresses.

Bluetooth

Bluetooth is used to connect and exchange information between devices

like PDAs, mobile phones, laptops, PCs, printers and digital cameras
wirelessly.

Named after a Denmark king Harold Bluetooth, who is known for his
unification of previously warring tribes.

Low-cost, short range (up to 10m), low power consumption, license-free

2.45 GHz band.

Using the same frequency range, Bluetooth differs from Wi-Fi in that

Different multiplexing schemes.

Wi-Fi with higher throughput, greater distances, more expensive hardware, and
higher power consumption.

Applications:

Wireless mouse, wireless headset

RFID: Radio Frequency

Identification

RFID is a method of remotely storing and retrieving data using

devices called RFID tags.
An RFID tag is a small object, such as an adhesive sticker, that can be attached
to or incorporated into a product.
RFID tags contain antennas to enable them to receive and respond to radiofrequency queries from an RFID transceiver.
No line-of sight required (compared to laser scanners)
Withstand difficult environmental conditions (cold, frost etc.)

Categories:
Active RFID: battery powered, distances up to 100 m
Passive RFID: operating power comes from the reader over the air, distances
up to 6 m

Applications:

Automated toll collection: RFIDs mounted in windshields allow commuters to

drive through toll plazas without stopping

GSM

One of the most popular standards for mobile phones in the

world.

Formerly: Groupe Spciale Mobile (founded 1982)

Now: Global System for Mobile Communication
European standard, moving to North America

More than one billion people use GSM phones as of 2005,

making GSM the dominant mobile phone system worldwide with
about 70% of the world's market.
GSM is a cellular network, which means that mobile phones
connect to it by searching for cells in the immediate vicinity.
One of the key features of GSM is the Subscriber Identity Module
(SIM), commonly known as a SIM card. The SIM is a detachable
smartcard containing the user's subscription information and
phonebook.

GPRS
GPRS: General Packet Radio Service
It is a mobile data service available to users of GSM mobile
phones. It is often described as "2.5G.
GPRS is packet-switched which means that multiple users
share the same transmission channel, only transmitting
when they have data to send.
GPRS provides moderate speed data transfer, by allocating
unused cell bandwidth to transmit data.

Poor bit rate in busy cells

Usually, GPRS data is billed per kilobytes of information transceived

In 3G mobile systems like UMTS (Universal Mobile

Telecommunication System), voice and data services will be
mixed in a normal communication.

Satellite Systems

Like cellular systems, except that the base stations

(i.e., satellites) move as will as mobile devices

Satellite coverage attractive for areas of world not well

served by existing terrestrial infrastructure: ocean
areas, developing countries

Integrated mobile computing

Integration of heterogeneous
fixed and
mobile networks with varying
transmission characteristics

regional

vertical
handover
metropolitan area

campus-based
in-car,
in-house,
personal area

horizontal
handover

IP-based network
SS7
signalling
server farm,
gateways, proxies

PSTN, CS
core

broadcast

gateways
MSC

GSM

BSC

IP-based
core

SGSN

router

firewall, GGSN,
gateway
Internet
access
points private
private
WLAN
WPAN

RNC
UMTS
public
WLAN

Recent trends

Projection Keyboards

Virtual reality sets

THANK YOU