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Naphtha

Cracking

A presentation by :
Niteesh Kumar Vats
ME, Chemical Engg.
IISc Bangalore

Cracking

Need for
cracking
Less
valuable
products

Cracking

More useful
& valuable
products

most of the gasoline/petrol is


produced by cracking!

Naphtha?

Historical

Present

Sources of naphtha

*source- origbouk.ru/products.html

In 1891 The thermal


cracking method was
invented.

Hi

sto
r

Vladmir Shukov

modified in
1908
William Burton
In 1934 factory of Shukhov
cracking process established
at Baku, USSR.

1941: Standard Jersey developed the worlds


first steam cracker at Baton Rouge.

Naphtha cracking
Petroleum
industry
Hydrocracki
ng

Petrochemical
industry
Steam
cracking

Motivation for steam


cracking
*source-2011-november_Olefinek eloallitasa.pdf

The worldwide
demand and
production of
olefins

1. 94% of the world


propylene.
Currently, production
2. In Western Europe,
through steam
95% of
cracking
`````ethylene and 7075%

Use of products of steam


cracking of naphtha

Chemistry of steam
cracking

Initiation

Propagatio
n

C+
etc.

Terminati
on

etc.

Process of steam cracking of


naphtha
Pyrolysis
Naphtha
section
Fractionation and
Compression Section
Product recovery and
Separation Section

Energy analysis in steam


cracking sections
Section

Energy
Energy
required loss
pyrolysis
65%
75%
fractionati
15%
25%
on and
compressi
on
recovery
20%
15%
section

Pyrolysis section
Naphtha

Pyrolysis
furnace

750-900

Transfer line
exchange
(producing
steam)
300

Cracked gas

Products from
separation section

Separati
on
section

Ethylene
(24%)
Propylene(20
%)
Butadiene(3
%)
BTX(1%)
Petroleum
ether(25%)

Steam cracking is the most


energy-consuming process in the
chemical industry and globally uses
approximately 8% of the sectors
total primary energy use.

Latest Development in steam


cracking of naphtha
Advanced furnace
materials

Advanced distillation column

Membran
es

These latest developments in


naphtha cracking can lead to
approximately 10% savings
on the process energy used.

Alternative technologies
Hydropyrolysis of
naphtha

zeolite

Catalytic
cracking of
naphtha

How Catalytic cracking


Technologies Save Energy?

Energy

1st way:
Activation Energy
without catalysts

Energy saving!
Energy required in a pyrolysis furnace
In the case of conventional steam cracking
Energy required in a reactor In the case of
catalytic cracking technologies

Activation Energy
with catalysts

Thermodynamic
Energy requirement

Olefins and byproducts

Naphtha
Progress of Cracking Process

2nd way:
selectivity of
catalyst

3rd way:
Removal of coke

Conclusion
Plenty of room for energy savings is
possible in steam cracking. And Catalytic
cracking technologies can lead to energy
saving up to 20%.

90% chemical
processes already
benefits from
catalysis,
so can steam
cracking!

References
Olefins from conventional and heavy
feedstock's: Energy use in steam cracking
and alternative processes. Energy 31
(2006) 425-251
By (2006).
Tao Ren,The
Martin
Patel,
James. G. Speight
Chemistry
Kornelis
Blok
and Technology
of Petroleum (4th ed.). CRC
Press.
Dr. Ram Prasad (2010). Petroleum refining
Technology (1st edition). Khanna publishers

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