Professional Documents
Culture Documents
By
Dr.Amany Mokhtar
Professor of Public Health and Preventive
Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams
University
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MISREPRESENTATION
which breaks all the rules for using other
peoples work
Types of Plagiarism
Types of Plagiarism:
Copying
The most well-known and,
sadly, the most common
type of plagiarism is the
simplest: copying. If you
copy someone else's work
and put your name on it,
you have plagiarized.
Copying: An Example
"Children are totally insensitive to their parents'
shyness; it is the rare child who labels a parent shy [...]
This is understandable, since parents are in positions of
control and authority in their homes and may not reveal
their shy side to their children. Also, since shyness is
viewed as undesirable by many children, it may be
threatening to think of parents in these terms. At this
young age, the parent is still idealized as all-knowing
and all-powerful - - not dumb, ugly, or weak."
Zimbardo, Philip G. (1977). Shyness: What it is, what to
do about it. Cambridge, Mass.: Perseus Books.
Copying: An Example
This one is pretty straightforward. If a writer
copies, word for word, the text from Dr. Zimbardo's
book and does not acknowledge in any way that it
was Dr. Zimbardo's work, the writer has committed
plagiarism.
Patchwork: An Example
With regard to children, they are totally insensitive to
their parents' shyness. Rare is the child who labels a
parent shy. It is easy to understand this, since the
parents are in positions of control and authority in their
own homes and may not necessarily show their shy side
to their children. Moreover, since shyness is viewed as
unfavorable by most children, it may be threatening for
them to think of their parents in that light. During the
formative years, the parent is idealized as all-knowing
and all-powerful -- not dumb, ugly, or weak.
Patchwork: An Example
Now, had the "author" of this passage put the
colored phrases in quotation marks and added a
citation after the quotation, like (Zimbardo 62), the
"author" would have been safe. Without the
quotation marks and the proper citation, the "author"
has committed plagiarism.
Types: Paraphrasing
Plagiarism
The third type of plagiarism is called paraphrasing
plagiarism. This occurs when the plagiarizer
paraphrases or summarizes another's work without citing
the source. Even changing the words a little or using
synonyms but retaining the author's essential thoughts,
sentence structure, and/or style without citing the source
is still considered plagiarism.
Paraphrasing: An Example
Children are completely insensitive to their
parents' shyness and rarely label their
parents as shy. Because the parents are
the authority and controlling figures in the
home, they may not feel shy and therefore
not show their shy side. Moreover, during
the formative years, parents are seen as
omnipotent and omniscient and not stupid,
unattractive, or pathetic; it may be
frightening for children to view their
parents in terms of shyness.
Paraphrasing: An
Example
Now, had the "author" of this paragraph used
footnotes or parenthetical citations to acknowledge
Dr. Zimbardo's work, he or she would have been in
the clear. However, since the "author" acts like
these ideas are his or her own, and does not
acknowledge Dr. Zimbardo, it's plagiarism.
Types: Unintentional
The fourth type of
plagiarism is called
unintentional plagiarism
-- it occurs when the writer
incorrectly quotes and/or
incorrectly cites a source
they are using. How is this
plagiarism, if the author
didn't mean to do it?
MLA handbook for writers of research papers. (7th ed.). The Modern Language
Association of America. New York: 2009. Print
Types: Unintentional
If a writer has incorrectly quoted or incorrectly cited a
source, it could be misconstrued as dishonesty on the
Also: WE DONT READ MINDS.
writer's part. The dishonest usage of another's work is
most often considered plagiarism. Therefore, the
We dont know what you *MEANT*
incorrect usage of another's work, whether it's
to do!
intentional or not, could be taken for "real" plagiarism.
Types: self-plagiarism?
The practice of an author using portions of their previous
writings on the same topic in another of their publications,
without specifically citing it formally in quotes.
This practice is widespread and at times unintentional
Violates the copyright that has been assigned to the
publisher
No consensus whether this is scientific misconduct
Plagiarism is
plagiarism
irrespective of
Intent, Source,
Quantity and
Copyright
Gitanjali 32
Writecon 2007
AVOIDING PLAGIARISM
QUOTE
Proper Quotations
In order to properly quote your sources, you
should select the style that would be appropriate
for the research.
Quote
Original source: The effort required to provide
online information literacy instruction is intense.
Summarizing
Summarizing involves putting the main idea(s) of one
or several writers into your own words, including only
the main point(s). Summaries are significantly shorter
than the original and take a broad overview of the
source material. Again, it is necessary to attribute
summarized ideas to their original sources.
Summarize when:
Paraphrase
Unlike a summary, a paraphrase does not
condense material; it includes both main points
and supporting details.
Thus, your paraphrase will be about the same
length as the original passage.
Therefore you would not paraphrase an entire
15 page article, but you could paraphrase an
important sentence or paragraph.
How to Paraphrase
Select a single paragraph from your full-length
article.
Then, paraphrase it by translating it into your own
words.
When you paraphrase, you rework the sources
ideas, words, phrases, and sentence structures with
your own. Like quotations, paraphrased material
must be followed with in-text documentation and
cited on your Works-Cited page.
Change both the vocabulary and the sentence
structure to free yourself from the authors voice.
From Lindsay Radcliffe, UTSA Tutor and NCB Instructor
Paraphrasing
Paraphrase when:
You plan to use information on your note cards
and wish to avoid plagiarizing
You want to avoid overusing quotations
You want to use your own voice to present
information
Paraphrasing example
Paraphrasing
The paraphrase you looked at is just a doctored
version of the original, changed a bit so it looks
like something different.
But the word order, paragraph structure, and even
some of the actual words are the same.
Thats plagiarism. Even with the changes, the whole
paraphrase is still 80% the intellectual property of
the original author.
The author has included citations, but has misled
the reader to believe that the original has been
paraphrased, while in fact much of the text is
copied word for word.
Paraphrasing
Another one:
Original source: The effort required to provide
online information literacy instruction is intense.
Paraphrasing
Plagiarism
Your version is a paraphrase of the original
with a lot of the original terminology still
there as well as the same sentence
structure.
Paraphrasing
How do you avoid the paraphrasing trap?
Simple. Dont paraphrase INTERPRET!!
Paraphrasing
Example:
Your friend says to you, "I havent eaten for a long
time, so why dont we stop at a restaurant ?"
Someone nearby says, "What does he want?"
Paraphrase: He hasnt had a meal for awhile and
wants to go to a restaurant . (Changes words but not basic
structure. No attempt to interpret)
Paraphrasing
Good paraphrases
1) Change the order & structure of sentences
2) Use synonyms/different forms of words
3) May change the voice or perspective
Source: http://www.academicintegrity.uoguelph.ca/
Paraphrasing
Good paraphrases
1) change the order & structure of sentences
ORIGINAL
Instead of analyzing data with an exploratory factor analysis (where each
item is free to load on each factor) and potentially facing a solution
inconsistent with initial theory, a CFA can give the investigator valuable
information regarding the fit of the data to the specific, theory-derived
measurement model (where items load only on the factors they were
designed to measure), and point to the potential weakness of specific
items.
PARAPHRASE
If the focus of the investigation is the connection between data and the
theoretical model being used for measurement, a CFA is a better choice
than an exploratory factor analysis, as the CFA is more likely to provide
results that show the connection between data and theory (Mueller &
Hancock, 2001).
Source: Mueller RO and Hancock GR. (2001). Factor Analysis and Latent Structure:
Confirmatory Factor Analysis. In N. J. Smelser & P. B. Baltes (Eds.), International
Encyclopedia of Social and Behavioral Sciences (pp. 5239-5244). Oxford, England:
Paraphrasing
Good paraphrases
2) use synonyms/different forms of words
ORIGINAL
PARAPHRASE
Johnson, C.S., MeLeod, W., Kennedy, L., and McLeod, K. (2008).Osteoporosis Health
Beliefs Among Younger and Older Men and Women [Electronic version]. Health
Education & Behavior 35(5)721-733.
Paraphrasing
Good paraphrases
3) change the voice (from passive to active)
Earth-friendly products are being purchased more often by
consumers.
Originality
reportdetails:
Generation
20.10.2010 16:09
Time and Date:
Document
Name:
1_Essay.doc
Document
Location:
C:\Users\admin\Desktop\test docs\1_Essay.doc
Document
Words Count:
547
Queries Sent
Count:
27
Document
Author [if
applicable]:
[not available]
Referenced0%/Linked0%
Original-1%/99%-Plagiarism
Referenced69%/Linked0%
Original-10%/22%-Plagiarism
Referenced99%/Linked0%
Original-1%/0%-Plagiarism
Auto analysis:
The degree of possible plagiarism is extremely high.
The text does not contain any references.
The textual material has no Linked Fragments.
======================
Source url:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University
http://www.answers.com/topic/university
http://aduengg.com/
[ complete list]
Source url:
[ complete list ]
Source url:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_spelling
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_English
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West/Central_Canadian_English
[ complete list ]
Summing Up
Quoting, paraphrasing, and summarizing are
all important skills to use when writing
research papers. Using other peoples
information provides support and credibility
to your research.
Use quotation marks if you are copying word for
word.
Use paraphrasing to put the thoughts of the
author into your own words.
Use a summary to describe the main points of an
information source.
Anti-plagiarism Tools
Plagiarism.org (www.plagiarism.org)
Turnitin.com (www.turnitin.com)
http://plagiarisma.net/
https://www.paperrater.com/plagiarism_checker
http://plagiarisma.net/spinner.php
http://www.plagscan.com
http://www.duplichecker.com/
http://www.plagtracker.com/
http://www.articlechecker.com/
http://smallseotools.com/plagiarism-checker/
http://plagiarism-detect.com/
ICTK
Http://etest.vbi.vt.edu/etblast
Paraphrasing websites
http://antspinner.com
http://paraphrasing-tool.com/
http://www.paraphrasingtool.biz/check-our-best-paraphrase-/
http://www.csgenerator.com/
http://spinbot.com/
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