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coils are form wound and are of the cylindrical type. The
general form of this coils maybe circular or oval. In small type
size core type transformer, a simple rectangular core is used
with cylindrical coils which are either circular or rectangular in
form. but for large size core type transformer round or
circular cylindrical coils are used.
Where:
Eav average induced emf in coil.
maximum flux
t time for flux to change by m (mxwell)
Note:
electrical energy can be transformed by:
a. INDUCTION no electrical connection between source and
load (Ex. transformer).
b. CONDUCTION when there is c conductor that links
between source and load. (Ex. transmission and
distribution).
Basic information that is placed on the nameplate of large power
transformer.
a.
b.
c.
the
Divide:
I
Vg
Ep
Es
VL
Note:
ideal transformer if its core loss is less and has no leakage flux
and has no cupper loss. ( m = mA)
Where:
Where:
Np / Ns = turns ratio
Ip / Is = current ratio
a = transformer ratio
KVA rating of transformer refers to its KVA output.
KVAp = KVAs
Where:
Zp / Zs = impedence ratio
Ep = voltage induced in primary winding
Es = voltage induced in secondary winding
Polarity Marking to avoid mistakes in banking and paralleling
of transformer.
Additive Polarity
Subtractive Polarity
Example:
The 2,300 volt primary winding of a 60-cycle transformer has
4,800 turns. Calculate: (a) the mutual flux; (b) the number of
turns in the 230-volt secondary winding.
Given:
Ep = 2,300v
Np = 4,800
Solution:
a.)
b.)
F = 60 hz
Example:
the maximum flux in the core of a 60-cycle transformer that
has 1,320 primary turns and 46 secondary turns is 3.76 x
maxwells. Calculate the primary and secondary induced
voltages.
Given:
F = 60 Hz
Calculate Ep and Es
Solution:
Np = 1,320turns
Ns = 46 turns
Example:
the secondary winding of a 4,600/230-volt transformer has 36
turns. How many turns are there in the primary winding?
Given:
Vp = 4,600 v
Solution:
Vs = 230 v
Ns = 36 turn
Example:
The volts per turn in a 25-cycle 2,400/230-volts transformer is
8. calculate: (a) the primary and secondary turns; (b) the
maximum flux in the core.
Given:
Vp = 2,400 v
Solution:
a.)
b.)
Vs = 230 v
Example:
The secondary load current of a 2,300/115-volts/transformer is
46 amp. Calculate the primary current.
Solution:
Example:
The primary and secondary currents of a transformer were
measured and found to be 3.8 and 152 amp, respectively. If
the secondary load voltage is 116 volts, what is the primary
emf?
Solution:
Transformation Ratio:
The ratio of primary to secondary turns Np:Ns, which equals
the ratio of primary to secondary induced voltages Ep:Es,
indicates how much the primary voltage is lowered or raised.
The turn ratio, or the induced-voltage ratio, is called the ratio
of transformation, and is represented by the symbol a. thus
and
are those
in secondary terms
in primary terms
SEATWORK
Example 1
A 25-kva 2,300/230-volt distribution transformer has the following
resistance and leakage-reactance values: Rp = 0.8; Xp = 3.2; Rs =
0.009; Xs = 0.03. calculate the equivalent values of resistance,
reactance and impedance; (a) in secondary terms; (b) in primary
terms.
Example 2
A 25-kva 2,300/230-volt distribution transformer has the following
resistance and leakage-reactance values: Rp = 0.8; Xp = 3.2; Rs =
0.009; Xs = 0.03. calculate the equivalent values of resistance,
reactance voltage drops for a secondary load current of 109 amp: (a)
in secondary terms: (b) in primary terms.
6.
= transformation ratio
= turns ratio
= induced voltage ratio
= rated voltage ratio
Ip
VPNL
Rp
Xp
aRs
aXs
Vp = aVs
Is/a
L
O
A
D
Is = aIp
EL = ELP + ELS
= Ip2Rp + Is2Rs
= Ip2Rp + a2Ip2Rs
= Ip2 (Rp + a2Rs)
Rep equivalent resistance of the transformer only referred to primary
side.
Rep = Rp + aRs
ELP = Ip2Rep
Xep equivalent reactance of the transformer only referred to the
primary side.
Zep = Rep + j Xep
SIMPLIFIED DIAGRAM:
Ip
Rep
Xep
L
O
A
D
VPNL
VPNL = Vp + IpZep
Vp
Rp/a
Xp/a
Rs
Xs
Is
aIp
= VSNL
KVA LOAD =
= KVAsec
LO
A
D
ELECTRICAL LOSSES;
EL = ELP + ELS
= Ip2Rp + Is2Rs
EL =
Is2Res
SIMPLIFIED DIAGRAM:
Is
Res
VSNL
Xes
VS
VSNL = Vs + Is
Zes
PERCENT VOLTAGE REGULATION
L
O
A
D
Additional Formulas:
%Z = percent impedance rating
%R = percent resistance rating
%X = percent reactance rating
GENERALLY
%Z = %R + j%X
(%Z)2 = (%R)2 + (%X)2
EQUIVALENT FORMULAS
USING PRIMARY VALVES
PRIMARY SIDE
SECONDARY SIDE
NOTE:
when computing for efficiency and voltage regulation of a
transformer regulation, the following should be clearly specified:
1. Power factor of the load
2. KVA output of the load
TRANSFORMER LOSSES
a) Electrical losses is also called resistance or cupper
losses.
resistance
These
of
losses
primary
are
primarily
(Rp)
and
due
to
secondary
the
(Rs)
the Square of
EL1 =
Ip12Rep
Divide /
EL2 =
Ip22Rep
Coreloss = PH +
Pe
TYPES OF TRANSFORMER EFFICIENCY
a) ORDIARY EFFICIENCY ()
over all efficiency or conventional efficiency.
of
General Formulas:
Where:
TL = EL +
COL
Po = KVAOUTPUT x
P.F.
PIN = Po + TLOSSES
@ FULL LOAD:
Po = KVA x P.F.
PIN = Po + TL
TL = EL + COLOSS
'mx =
but
EL = CL (max.)
TL = 2EL = 2CL
EQUIVALENT FORMULAS:
Note:
KVA
Where:
KVAoutp
ut
KVA1 = Ip1 Vp /
1000
KVA2 = Ip2 Vp /
1000
EL = (Ip)2 Rep = CL
OBJECTIVE QUESTION:
when will maximum efficiency occur and at what KVA load?
1. It could happen at full load
KVA1 = KVA
1 = max
EL1 = EL = CL
2. It could happen at either overload or below rated load
Example problem: the full load cupper loss in a transformer is
400 watts. At half load, the cupper loss will be
Given:
Reqd:
EL2 = ?
Solution:
Vp = 2400 v
Vs = 240 v
Solution:
= (1.2) + (10)2
(0.058)
= 7 ohms
EL = Ip2Rep
= 4.17 Amp.
= (4.17)2 (7)
EL = 121.7 watts
Example problem:
the full load cupper loss and core loss of a 20 KVA, 2500/250v
transformer are 300 watts and 320 watts respectively. What is
the efficiency at half load and unity power factor.
Given:
@ 1st condition: (full load)
EL1
= 300 w
EL2
=?
CL
= 320 w
CL
= 320 w (constant)
KVA1 = 20 KVA
KVA2 = 20 KVA
Vp
= 2500 v
PF
= unity = 1
Vs
= 250 v
= cos-1 (1)
= 0
Reqd:
2 = ? (half load)
Solution:
But
KVA2 = KVA
= 75 Watts
TL2 = EL2 + CL
= 75 + 320
= 395 watts
Subs. Values:
= 98.06%
at secondary terms.
THREE FLUXES
1. Mutual flux ( m) = links both the primary and secondary
windings.
2. Primary leakage flux () = links with primary winding only
and is varrying I
3. Secondary leakage flux () = links with secondary winding
only and is varrying I.
IsXs
Vs
Is
IsRs
IsXs
V
s
Is
Rs
PF
co
Vs
sin
Is
Rs
Is
Is
R
Is
s
V
s
o
PF
IsXs
Es
Vs
si
n
Vs
a. @ unity power
factor
IpXp
Vp
Ep
Ip
IpRp
IpXp
Ep
PF
s
co
Ep
Ep
si
n
Ip
Rp
Ip
Rp
Ip
Ep
os
PF
IpXp
Vp
Ep
si
n
IpRp
Ep
Rp
Ig
Eg
Ip
Xp
Rm
Xm
Ep
Es
Where:
Rp = Resistance of primary winding
Xp = Reactance of primary winding
Rs
= Resistance of secondary
Xs
Ig
= Supply current
If
= Primary current
Is
= Secondary current
= Exciting current
EQUIVALENT
CIRCUIT
DIAGRAM
OF
PRACTICAL
TRANSFORMER AT NO LOAD
Rp
Xp
Rs
Io
Ig = Io
Eg
Ip = 0
Rm
Xs
Is = o
Xm
Ep
Es
Vs = Es
Rp
Eg
Xp
Ep
Rs
Es
Xs
Vs
NOTE:
@ full load, Ig is at least 20 times bigger than Io
IN SECONDARY TERMS
Xep = aXs + Xp
Zep = Rep + jXep
Zes = Res + jXes
Where:
Res = equivalent resistance referred to the secondary.
Rep = equivalent resistance referred to the primary.
Xes = equivalent reactance referred to the secondary.
Xep = equivalent reactance referred to the primary.
Zes = equivalent impedance referred to the secondary.
Zep = equivalent impedance referred to the primary.
EQUIVALENT VOLTAGE DROP IN TRANSFORMER REFERRED
TO PRIMARY AND SECONDARY SIDE
But:
2.)
3.)
Note:
if the given data of the transformer is in terms of Rep, Xep,
and Zep. Use this formula:
c.)
Thus:
Example problem:
The 2300 volts primary winding of 60 cps transformer has
4800 turns. Calculate:
a)
Mutual flux, m
b)
c)
Given:
Reqd:
Ep = 2300 v
Es = 230 v
f = 60 cps
Np = 4800 turns
Solution:
a.)
m, Ns, a
b.)
NS = 480 turns
c.)
or
Example Problem:
a 25 KVA, 2300/230 volts distribution transformer has the
following resistance and leakage reactance value of 0.8 and 3.2
respectively. For primary and 0.009 and 0.03 for secondary
respectively. Calculate the equivalent values of resistance,
reactance and impedance in secondary terms:
a) Secondary terms
b) Primary terms
c.) Equivalent resistance and reactance voltage drop for a
load current of 109 amps in secondary and primary terms.
d.) calculate the present voltage regulation for a unity power
factor.
Given:
Pa = 25 KVA
V = 2300/230v
Rp = 0.8
Xp = 3.2
Rs = 0.009
Xs = 0.03
KVAoutput =
KVApri = KVAsec
Solution:
a) In secondary terms
Xes = Xs + Xp/a
= 0.03 + 3.2/102
= 0.062
Zes = Res + j Xes
= 0.017 + j 0.062
= 0.642 < 74.67
c.)
SECONDARY
VDSR = IsRes
= (109)(0.017)
= 1.853 volts
VDSX = IsXes
= (109)(0.062)
= 18.53 volts
= 6.75 volts
VDPX = IpXep
= 67.5 volts
= cos-1 (1)
= 00
= 10.87 amps
For unity
VPNL = VP + IpZep
= 2300 00 + (10.87 00)(6.43 74.67)
= 2319.46 1.660 volts
VPNL = Vp + IpZep
= 2300 00 + (10.87 -36.87) x
(6.43 74.67)
= 2355.6 1.04 volts
Another solution:
For Unity:
= 00
Cos = 1
Sin = 0
= 36.870
EXAMPLE PROBLEM:
a 10 KVA, 2400/240 volt distribution. Transformer has a
primary resistance of 1.2 ohm and a secondary resistance of
0.058 ohm. What is the full load cupper loss (Electrical loss).
Given:
Reqd:
Pa = 10 KVA
E = 2400/240 V
Rp = 1.2 ohm
Xp = 0.058 ohm
Solution:
EXAMPLE PROBLEM:
The full load cupper loss and core loss of 20 KVA, 2500/250
volt transformer are 300 and 320 w respectively. What is the
efficiency at haf-load and unity P.F.
Given:
@ condition 1: (full load)
KVA1 = 20 KVA
Ep = 2500 v
EL1 = 300 w
Es = 250 v
COL = 320 w
Reqd:
= ?
Solution:
Sample Problem:
In a 50 kva transformer, the full load cupper loss are exactly
twice the iron losses, and that quarter load, the efficiency is
95%. Calculate the full load efficiency at unity P.F.
----------------
Solution:
Substitute to
TL2 = EL2 + CL
657.89 = EL2 + 0.5 EL1
---------
Subst. in
657.89 = EL2 + 0.5 EL1
= 0.0625 EL1 + 0.5 EL1
= (0.0625 + 0.5) EL1
= 0.5625 EL1
From eqn.
CL = 0.5 EL1
= 0.5 (1,169.6)
= 584.79 watts
Example Problem
The core loss of a 50 KVA single phase transformer with normal
voltage applied to the primary is 75 watts. The max efficiency
at 60% load of full load. What is the full load efficiency of the
transformer at 0.8 P.F.
Given:
@ condition 1 : (full load)
KVA = 50 KVA
CL = 75 watts (constant)
Note:
Core loss (CL) dont vary at any time of change except when
the applied voltage and frequency is change.
EL1 = ?
PO1 = 50 KVA (0.8)
= 4000 watts
@ condition 2 : (maximum load efficiency)
KVA = 60% KVA
= 0.6 (50)
= 30 KVA
Po = 30 (0.8)
= 24,000 watts
Reqd: = ?
Solution
@ max eff. (E = C )
L
L
Pin1 = PO1 + TL1
but
TL1 = EL1 + CL
subs.values:
Example Problem:
A 100 KVA transformer has a maximum efficiency of 98% at
10% underload at unity power factor. Evaluate the efficiency at
quarter-load at 0.8 power factor.
Given:
@ max.load:
'mx = 98%
EL1 = ?
PF = 1
@ quarter load:
KVA2 = KVA1
= (100) = 25
KVA
Reqd:
= ?
Solution:
KVA = 0.1 KVA1
= 0.1 (100)
PO = 10 KVA (1)
= 10,000 watts
= 10 KVA
T L = E L + C L
But for maximum efficiency: (E = C )
L
L
TL = 2 CL --------------
TL = Pin Po ---------
Subs. in
TL = Pin Po
2CL = 10,204.08 10,000
2CL = 204.08 watts
@ quarter load:
TL2 = EL2 + CL
= 637.75 + 102.04
= 739.79 watts
Reqd:
Note: for energy
Solution:
TABULATION FORM
KW LOAD
P.F.
Kw
50
.73
# OF
KVA LOAD
ENERGY
ENERGY
ENERGY
HRS
(Kw/P.F.)
OUTPUT
COL
CUL
Hr.
KVA
Kw-Hr
(CL - t)
(EL - t)
50/0.73
50 (6)
1 (6)
= 68.5
= 300
=6
= 2.98
30
.82
30/0.82
30 (3)
1 (3)
= 36.59
= 90
=3
1 (15)
0.43
N
O
15
= 15
O
A
D
TOTAL:
390
24
3.41
Wo
WCL
WCUL
WO = 300 + 90
= 390 Kw-Hr
WCL = 6 + 3 + 15
= 24 Kw-Hr
WCU = 2.98 + 0.43
= 3.41 Kw-Hr
Win = WO + WLOSSES
= 390 + (24 + 3.41)
= 417.41 Kw-Hr
Example problem:
a 30 kva, 2400/240 volts, 60 hz distribution transformer has a
full load P.F. of unity over a period of 24 hrs. the maximum
efficiency is 95% and it occurs at full load. Calculate the all day
efficiency if it is loaded as follows:
6 hrs at full load
6 hrs at quarter load
12 hrs at no-load
Reqd:
Solution: for maximum efficiency (EL = CL)
TABULATION FORM
Kw
Load
P.F.
# of
Hours
Kva load
(kw/PF)
Kva
Energy
Output
Kw-hr
Energy
CL
Kw-hr
Energy
CUL
Kw-hr
Full
Load
30
30 (6)
= 180
0.789 (6)
= 4.737
0.296
full
load
7.5
7.5 (6)
0.789 (6)
= 4.737
0.296
No load
12
0.789 (12)
= 9.474
WO = 180 + 45
= 225 kw-hr
WCL = 4.737 + 4.737 + 9.474
= 18.948 kw-hr
WEL = 4.737 + 0.296
= 5.033 kw-hr
Win = WO + WLOSSES
= 225 + 5.033 + 18.948
= 230.033 kw-hr + 18.948
Win = 248.948 kw-hr
Example problem:
a 100 kva, 6600/400 volts 60 hz, single phase, core type
transformer has the following average daily load:
Calculate the ratio of the full load cupper loss to the iron loss for
the transformer to be most economical for the above loading.
Reqd:
Solution:
@ full load condition:
KVA1 = 100 KVA
CL1 = ?
(CL = EL1)
L1 = ?
Note:
most economical at maximum eff.
TABULATED FORM
Kva
Load
P.F.
Full load
(100)
0.8
Half load
(50)
0.7
Kw load
Kw
# of hrs
Hr
Wo
Kw-hr
100 (0.8)
= 80
80 (8)
= 640
100 (0.7)
= 70/2
= 35
10
70 (10)
= 700/2
=350
WCL
WEL
Kw-hr
kw-hr
CL (8)
EL1 (8)
= 8 CL
= 8 EL1
CL (10)
EL1 (10)
= 10 CL
= 2.5 EL1
No load
CL (6)
= 6 CL
24 CL
10.5 EL1
WCL = 8CL + 10 CL + 6 CL
= 24 CL
WEL = 8 EL1 + 2.5 EL1
= 10.5 EL1
24 CL = 10.5 EL1
Example Problem:
a 25 kva, single phase transformer operates for one hr @ 20%
overload @ 0.8 PF lagging; three hrs @ full load @ 0.9 PF
leading; 6 hrs @ half-load @ a unity power factor and 10%
loaded @ unity power factor for the rest of the day, the cipper
loss and core loss @ full load are 500 watts and 150 watts
respectively. Find the all-day efficiency.
Given: condition 1: (full load) t = 3 hrs
KVA = 25 KVA
@ condition 2: (overload) t = 1 hr
KVA2 = 1.2 (KVA1)
= 1.2 (25)
= 30 KVA
PO2 = 30 (0.8)
= 24 kw
d = ?
Solution:
Wo = Po x time
= W1 + W2 + W3 + W4
= (25)(0.9)(3) + (30)(0.8)(1) + (12.5)(1)(6)
+ (2.5)(1)(14)
Wo = 67.5 + 24 + 75 + 35
= 201.5 kw-hr
WEL = EL x time
= EL1 + EL2 + EL3 + EL4
WEL = 3.04 kw-hr
WCL = CL x time
= CL1 + CL2 + CL3 + CL4
= (0.15)(3) + (0.15)(1) + (0.15)(6) + (0.15)(14)
WCL = 3.6 kw-hr
Example problem:
the all day efficiency of a 10 kva single phase transformer is
94.7%, when loading as follows:
If the full load cupper loss and @ unity PF is 140 watts. Calculate
the value of core loss.
Given:
d = 94.7%
CL1 = ?
KVA1 = 10 KVA
KVA2 = 0
PF1 = 1
PF2 = 1
t1 = 4 hrs.
T2 = 20 hrs
Reqd:
CL1 = ?
Solution:
WO = P x time
= (10)(1)(4) + (0)(1)(20)
= 40 kw-hr
Example Problem:
A 10 kva, 2400/240 volt single phase transformer has the
following resistances and leakage reactances.
a) Find the voltage regulation @ full load and 0.8 lagging
b) What is %VR if the transformer is operating @ 25% overload
and 0.8 PF leading
c) What is %VR of the transformer when it is operating @
maximum efficiency @ unity power factor. Assume coreloss of
60 watts.
Given:
rp = 3 ohms
rs = 0.03 ohms
Xp = 15 ohms
Xs = 0.15 ohm
Solution:
KVAP = KVAS = KVAoutput
(full or rated load)
Xep = Xp + a2Xs
= 3 + (10)2 (0.03)
= 15 + (10)2 (0.15)
= 6 ohms
= 30 ohms
KVA = ?
EL1 = IP2Rep
= (4.17)2 (6)
= 104.33 watts
VPNL = VP + IPZep
= 2400 00 + (3.16 00)(30.6 78.7)
= 2420.79 2.240 volts
Example Problem:
a 200 kva transformer with impedance of 15% and the PF of
85% lagging. The primary voltage is 6000 volts while the full
load cupper loss is 15 kw. Find the percentage regulation at full
load.
Given:
Reqd:
%VR
Solution:
By applying formula
Case II
id the given data of transformer are in terms of %Z, %R & %X.
DERIVATION OF FORMULAS:
@ full load
Where
Divide %R / %R
It follows:
@ full load
Divide %X / %X
Voltage equation:
Figure:
ammeter
variable
resistor
Isc
A
wattmeter
shorted
+
Vin
HVW
LVW
(primary)
(secondary)
Where:
Ise = short circuit current on the low voltage side must be
equal to rated secondary current Is.
Observed readings in all instruments:
A ammeter reading (AMR)
- Ip - rated primary current
V voltmeter reading (VMR)
- Vin (2
5%) Vp
Where:
@ full load:
b.)
Procedure:
a)
FIGURE:
Vin
autotransformer
Formulas
Case 1: flux density is not constant
Ph = Khfm1.6
Pe = Kefm2
Where:
f = frequency of the AC source
Where:
m
m
= maximum mutual flux
Therefore:
CLOSS = Ph + Pe
2nd Condition: (V , f)
DIVIDE /
CASE 1: flux density (m) is not assumed to be constant.
Ration:
Therefore:
Example Problem:
a 4400v, 60 hz transformer has a core loss of 840 watts of
which one-third is eddy current loss when the transformer is
connected to a 4600v, 50 hz source. Determine the value of
iron loss.
Note:
if the problem does not mentioned coreloss is constant
therefore, do not assume constant.
Given:
Vp = 4400 v
Vp = 4600 v
f = 60 hz
f = 50 hz
CL = 840 w
Pe = (CL)
= (840)
= 280 w
Reqd:
CL = ?
Solution: (Case 1)
CL = Ph + Pe ---------- working formula.
Example Problem:
a 25 cycles, 1000 kva transformer is applied to a 60 cps
system. The full load efficiency of the transformer at 25 cps is
98%. Half of the core, the hysteresis and eddy current loss are
equal at 25 cps. What would be the rating of this transformer
at 60 cps if the transformer was operated at rated voltage.
Given:
f1 = 25 hz
2nd Condition:
f2 = 60 hz
= 98%
KVA2 = ?
EL1 = TL1
Vp2 = ?
CL = TL1
(EL = CL)
Ph1 = Pe1 = CL1
Reqd:
KVA2 = ?
Example Problem:
In a 400 v, 50 cps transformer the total iron loss is 2500 watts.
When the supplied potential voltage is 220 v at 25 cps, the
corresponding loss is 850 watts. Calculate the eddy current loss
at normal frequency and potential diff.
Given:
@ 1st month condition:
Reqd:
Pe = ?
@ 2nd condition:
VP1 = 400 v
VP2 = 220 v
f1 = 50 cps
f2 = 25 cps
CL1 = 2500 w
CL2 = 850 w
Solution:
@ condition 1:
CL1 = Pe1 + Ph1
= Ke Vp12 + Kh
2500 = Ke (400)2 + Kh
2500 = 160000 Ke + 1392.88 Kh
Kh = 1.795 114.87 Ke -----
@ condition 2:
CL2 = Pe2 + Ph2
850 = Ke (220)2 + Kh
850 = 48400 Ke + 811.17 Kh -------
Substitute eq in
850 = 48400 Ke + 811.17 Kh
850 = 48400 Ke + 811.17 [ 1.795 114.87 Ke ]
850 = 48400 Ke + 1456 93,179.1 Ke
Example Problem:
A 60 hz, 200 KVA, three winding transformer is rated 2400
volts primary and their two secondary windings, one rated 600
V and the other at 240 volts. There are 200 primary turns and
the rating of each secondary winding is 100 KVA. Calculate the
current in primary when rated current flows @ PF = 1. In the
240 V winding and also rated current flows @ 0.707 lagging in
the 600 volt windings.
Given: f = 60 Hz
KVA = 200 KVA
KVA1 = 100 KVA
VS1 = 600 V
PF2 = 1
VS2 = 240 V
1 = 00
Reqd:
Ip = ?
Solution:
load
1
load
2
Example Problem:
A transformer consist of a primary winding with 500 turns and
two secondary windings of 125 turns and 36 turns. The 125turn secondary windings has 60 ohms. Connected to its
terminals and the 36-turn secondary winding has 3 ohms
connected to its terminal. If the primary is connected to a 120v, 60 hz source, determine the current in primary windings.
Given:
Np = 500 turns
Z = 60 ohms
N = 125 turns
Z = 3 ohms
N = 36 turns
Vp = 120 v
= 60 hz
FIGURE:
load
1
For currents:
load
2
Primary - Secondary
Y
Y
(Y) The center point of the Y must tie either all the - or all
the + winding points together. () The winding polarities
must stack together in a complementary manner ( + to -).
Is
Ap
Cp
As
Bp
Cs
Bs
2
X
Y
Bp
Ap
As
Cs
Cp
Bs
2
3
1
2
As
Bs
Ap
Cp
Bp
Y
Z
Cs
3
This transformer is generally where it is necessary to stepup the voltage at the beginning at high transmission
lines.
X
Ap
Cp
Bp
As
Cs
Bs
Delta Connections:
Figure 1-3:
Wye Connections:
Figure 1-4:
Figure 1-5:
Figure 1-6:
Figure 1-7:
Another
figure
percentage
given
assumes
for
a
this
closed
calculation
delta
bank
is
87%.
This
containing
than
125%
of
the
rated
primary
current
of
the
Example #1:
What size fuses is needed on the primary side to protect a 3
phase 480v to 208v 112.5 kVA transformer?
To solve: P / I x E
Example #2:
To solve: P / I x E
Example:
To solve : P / I x E
1
As
Ap
Cp
Y
Z
Cs
2
3
Note:
It is employed when:
a) Three phase load is too small to warrant to installation of full
phase transformer.
b) When one of the transformer in a delta-delta bank () is
disabled, so that us continued at reduced capacity until the
faulty transformer is repaired or a new one is substituted.
c) When it is anticipated that in the future, the load will increase
necessitating the closing of open delta.
86.6%
50%
50% tap & the other an 86.6% tap on their primary windings.
3
L
O
A
D
Let:
Note:
OPEN-DELTA BANK
L
O
A
D
Example Problem:
two transformer are connected open delta delivering a load of
100 KVA at a power factor of 0.8 lagging. Calculate the power
delivered by each x4mer?
Given:
SL = 100 KVA
L = 0.8 lagging
= -36.870
Reqd:
T-1
T-2
L
O
A
D
100
KVA
Example Problem:
two single phase distribution transformer connected in open
delta will supply power to a 200 Hp, 3 induction motor
operating at 0.707 OF and 90% efficiency. Solve the minimum
size in KVA of each transformer needed to supply the power
without being over loaded.
Given:
Example Problem:
An electrical utility company is supplied by two single phase
x4mers bank in rated 75 KVA capacity. What is the maximum
3 load in kw that the bank can carry without overloading
considering that the load has a lagging PF of 0.8.
Given:
Example Problem:
Three single phase (3) transformer each rated 75 KVA are
bank in delta supplying a 3 load drawing 160 KVA at 0.8
lagging PF. If one x4mer has burned out and is removed for
repair, solve for the amount of overloading of the remaining
units.
Given:
Example Problem:
An open-delta bank, consisting of two single phase x4mers is
operating with a balance 3 load of 50 KVA, 440 V at 0.8 PF
lag and a single phase load of 10 kw resistive connected across
AC leg. Determine minimum ratings of the two x4mers.
Assume a phase sequence a-b-c.
Given:
10 kw
a
C
T-1
Icc
T-2
N
b
Ibb
440 V
50
kva
0.8
lag
L
O
A
D
Ia
L 10kw
440 v
PF = 1
Ic
Example Problem:
a 3 transformer connected on delta on the primary side step
down. The voltage from 13200 v 460 v and delivers 750 kva, 0.8
PF lagging to the load. Calculate:
a) Transformation ratio
b) The current delivered to the load
c) The current in primary line wires
d) The current that flows in the transformer winding
Given:
Connected
SL = 750 kva
Example Problem:
A power transformer rated 50,000 KVA, 34.5/13.8 kvolts is
connected Y-Y. what are the line currents at full load.
Given:
Example Problem:
A power transformer is rated 50,000 KVA 34.5/13.8 kvolts is
connected Y-Grounded on the primary and delta on the
secondary. Determine the full load phase currents on the
secondary side.
Given:
Y (grounde) = connection
IpL
Ip
Example Problem:
What should be the turns ratio of the 3 transformers that
transform from 230 kvolts to 4160 volts if the transformer is to
be connected Y- & -Y
Given:
to their polarity.
Note: if this condition is not met, there will be a large current that
will circulate in the transformer secondaries and will
damage the windings.
c.) the equivalent impedance must be inversely proportional to
their respective KVA rating.
Note:
if this condition is not met, the transformer will not share
the load in proportion to their respective KVA ratings. A possibility
that the large transformer operates at a underload condition while
smaller transformer operates at overload conditions.
Note:
if this condition is not met each transformer will operate at
different power factor with that of the connected load.
e.)
Note: if this condition is not met there will be a current that will
circulate will be a current that will circulate through the
secondary windings and will contribute to the transformer
losses.
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
1. All circuit diagrams for convenient purposes must be referred
to the secondary winding.
OR
2.)
current.
Example Problem:
two transformer are connected in parallel supplying a common
load of 175 KVA @ 0.8 PF lag. Both transformer has a voltage
rating of 2300/230 V single phase and each rated 100 KVA.
Transformer 1 has equivalent impedance of 16 ohms and that
of transformer 2 is 13 ohms. Referred both to the primary. Find
KVA load in each transformer.
Given:
Example Problem:
Determine the KW ratio of the KW output of transformer T-1 to
that transformer T-2 when they are connected in parallel
supplying a load of 150 KW @ 0.8 PF lagging.
Given:
Example Problem:
A 125 KVA distribution transformer w/ 4% impedance is
connected in parallel w/ another transformer rated 75 KVA and
3%, both have the same voltage ratio. Neglect the resistance
of each transformer, the total load is 140 KVA at 80% PF
lagging, how much load does it carry?
MODIFIED FORMULAS:
Sample Problem:
A 500 KVA single phase transformer A w/ percentage
impedance of 0.01 + j 0.05 is to be connected in parallel w/ a
250 KVA transformer B w/ percentage impedance of 0.015 +
j 0.04. if they are serving single phase load rated 800 KVA @
0.8
PF
lagging,
determine
the
power
factor
of
each
Example Problem:
Meralco has two single phase transformer w/equal turns ratio
and ratings are operating at in parallel to supply a load of 280
kw @ 0.8 PF lagging. Transformer A has resistance of 2% and
a reactance 8% while transformer B: has a resistance of 1%
and reactance of 6%. Determine the power delivered by
transformer A and B to the load.
Where:
AUTO-TRANSFORMER
defined as a transformer in which part of the winding is
common to both primary and secondary.
its and electrically continuous winding w/one or more taps on a
magnetic core. One circuit is connected to the end of terminals
while the other is connected to one end terminal and to a part
way along the winding.
in general, an autotransformer is both magnetically and
electrically linked.
Notes:
a) Always assumed auto-transformer efficiency of 100% if not
specified.
b) If efficiency is equal to 100%
Example Problem:
An
auto-transformer
designed
for
4,000
to
2300
volts
Example Problem:
A
5KVA,
2300/460
distribution
transformer
is
to
be
Example Problem:
A 20 kva, 500 V load is to be supplied by an ideal step-up
auto-transformer from 400v source. Find the current in the
common winding.
l
o
a
d
AC MOTORS
1. Induction Motor (3) is simply a rotating electrical
machines which convert electrical power (energy output).
a) Synchronous Speed (Ns) is defined at which the
rotating flux rotates. It is the speed of synchronous
generator (as generator or alternator) that supplies all the
load connected to it or it is called the speed of incoming
source.
WHERE:
Ns = synchronous speed in RPM
f = frequency of the incoming source supplying the
induction motor. Stator frequency.
When
compared
to
transformer, it
is
air gap
STATOR
air gap
SPI
RPD
STATOR
ROTOR
RPO
RPI
SCL
COL
RCL
F&W
ROTOR
Example Problem
A 6 pole, 50 hz, 3 induction motor runs at 960 RPM while
delivering a shaft torque of 120 n-m. if friction and windage
loss amount to 180 watts, determine the rotor copper loss.
SPI
STATOR
SCL
CL
RPI
RPD
ROTOR
RCL
RPO
F&W
Example Problem:
A 3, 220 v, 60 Hz, 4 pole induction motor drives a Fan
which provides 40 m/sec of air requirement to furnace.
Assume an efficiency of 60% and 150mm of H 0 gage
pressure. Determine the current drawn by the induction motor
if eff. and power factor is 80% and 70% respectively.
FPO
-60%
-80%
SPI
STATOR
RPI
ROTOR
RPO
(RPO=FPI)
air
b.)
transformer. During this test the rotor is blocked and the rotor
windings are short circuited, cut slip rings if the motor has a
wound rotor. A reduced voltage is applied to the stator
terminals and is so adjusted that full load current flows in the
stator. The values of the current voltage and power input are
measured.
Purpose:
To determine the equivalent resistance per phase referred on
the stator side
c.)
Load Test
- Motor is loaded with its normal load or visual load.
- During this test, the motor is loaded. The problem should
clearly specified what is the specified load on the motor.
- This is not an assurance that the motor is tested at full
load.
Example Problem:
A 5 hp, 6 pole, 3, 60 Hz induction motor operates with a slip
of 2% and requires 11 amp and 3500 watts, when during its
visual load. When the rotor is blocked, 440 watts at 52 volts
are required to circulate a current of 14 amp. Calculate the
following when motor is driving its visual load.
a) Horsepower output
b) Torque Excerted
c) Efficiency (Assume Y-connected stator)
Given:
SPI
STATOR
SCL
CL
RPI
RPD
ROTOR
RCL
RPO
F&W
Example Problem:
A 440 v, 60 Hz, 4 pole, 3 wound rotor induction motor is
directly connected to a pump which delivers 1000 cfm of water
against an effective head of 8.7 ft. under this load, the motor
drains 15.62 kw at a power factor of 0.92 when rated at no
load. When the motor drains 803 watts, the rotor resistance
per phase is 0.022 ohm while stator resistance per phase is
0.202 ohm. The effective turn ration between stator and rotor
is 4:1. calculate the pump efficiency?
Given:
H20
8.7 ft
Pop
Example Problem:
A 4 pole, 60 Hz, 3 induction motor draws 8200 watts from
the line. The losses in the machines are:
SCL
= 300 watts
RCL
= 160 watts
CoL
= 400 watts
STATOR
SCL
CL
RPI
RPD
ROTOR
RCL
RPO
F&W
CASE 2:
Note: When the given data regarding core loss
and friction
air gap
SPI
RPD
STATOR
SCL
SPL=(F&W)+CL
ROTOR
RCL
Example Problem:
A 6 pole, 3, 60 Hz induction motor takes 48 kw in power at
1140 RPM. The stator copper loss is 1.6 kw and stray power
losses are 1 kw. Find the eff.
SPI
STATOR
SCL
SPL
RPI
RPD = RPO
ROTOR
RCL
Example Problem:
A 230 v, 8, 4 pole, 60 Hz squirrel cage induction motor
operating at 90% efficiency & 85% PF and 2.5% slips drives a
pump for reservoir. Determine the current taken from the line
if the discharge rate is 475 GPM and the total head of which
the pump is working 200 ft. Assume pump efficiency of 80%.
water
reservior
SPI
Pom Pip
Pop
200 ft
Open
Terminal
Stator
Winding
Stator
Winding
Example Problem:
A 400 V, 60 Hz, 6 Pole, Y connected 3 induction motor draws
75 kw with a line current of 100 amp, the core loss is 2 kw,
friction and windage loss is 1.2 kw, the stator resistance
between two terminals is 0.35 ohm. What is the efficiency if
the motor runs at a slip of 2.5%
Solution:
SPI
STATOR
SCL
+CL
RPI
RPD
ROTOR
RCL
RPO
F&W
RPI
(electrical)
RCL
(electrical)
F&W
(mechanical)
Example Problem:
A 40 Hp, 230 v, 8 pole, 25 Hz 3 induction motor is running at
355 RPM @ rated load. The torque lost by friction is 24 n-m. if
the total stator loss is 1000 watts. Calculate the eff.of the
motor at this load.
Solution:
RPI
ROTOR
RCL
RPO
Where:
Vs starting line voltage
Ts starting torque
Is - starting current
Td rated or full load torque developed
IL rated or full load current
Example Problem:
A 25 hp, 230 volt, 3 induction motor with 85% PF has a
starting current of 5.5 times its rated current. To reduced the
starting current, at Y- starter is installed. What will be the
new starting current?
Given:
Example Problem:
A 10 hp, 550v, 3 induction motor has a starting torque of
160% of full load torque and a starting current of 425% of full
load current. If the motor is used on 440v, 60hz system. What
will be the starting torque express in percent of full load value?
Example Problem
An induction motor of 30 hp, 220v, 3, draws 450% of rated
current with rated voltage and delivers during the starting
period of 130% of the normal torque. The full load efficiency of
the motor and full load PF is 80% and 70% respectively. If the
auto-transformer unit is used as a starting unit
and the
Start
OLR
Circuit
Breaker
Normally
Open
Overload
Relay
Motor
Stop
Coil
SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR
TYPES OF S.M.
1. Under-Excited Synchronous M. normally operates at a
lagging power factor.
2. Normally-Excited Synchronous M. operates at unity
power factor.
3. Over-Excited Synchronous M. operates at leading power
factor.
Field
Rheostat
field circuit
separately
Vf
excited by
DC source
Supply
armature
circuit
Voltage
Notations:
If
Vf
Where:
- deflection angle
- torque angle
Electrical
Pin
Pd
Mechanical
Pd
ARMATURE
SPL
Po
Notes:
1. If the types of motor is not specified to be 3 or 1, always
consider the motor as 1.
2. If the synchronous motor is used for power factor correction
purposes. It is understood and considered to operate always at
leading power factor (over excited sm)
3. If the field winding is not mentioned, then it is considered as
ZERO.
Example Problem:
The output of a 200 v synchronous motor taking a current of
20 amp is 4 hp. Effective armature armature resistance is 0.5
ohms. The iron and friction losses amount to 400 watts. What
is the power factor of the machine.
Pin
Pd
Pd
ARMATURE
Example Problem:
A 20hp, 440v, 3, star connected sm has an armature
effective resistance per phase of 0.4 ohm at full load output,
the power factor is 0.9 leading, the iron and friction losses
amount to 500w. What is the value of armature line current?
Pin
Pd
ARMATURE
Pd
Example Problem:
A 500v, 1 sm gives a net mechanical power of 7.46 kw and
operates at 0.9 lagging PF, its effective resistance is 0.8 ohm.
If the iron and friction losses are 500 w and excitation losses
are 800 w. estimate the armature current. Calculate the
commercial efficiency.
Pin
Pd
ARMATURE
Example Problem:
A 2300-v, 3 star connected synchronous motor has a
resistance of 0.2 ohm per phase and a sm reactance of 2.2
ohm per phase. The motor is operating at 0.5 PF leading with a
line current of 200 amp. Determine the value of the generated
emf per phase.
Another Solution:
Example Problem:
A 100 v, synchronous motor having 40% reactance and a
negligible resistance is to be operated at rated load
a) Unity
b) 0.8 lag
c) 0.8 leading
What are the values of induced emf is?