Classification of CNC m/c tool

A.

Motion control: (betn tool & w/p)

Point to Point (PTP), Straight Cut &

Continuous (contouring) Path

B.

Control loops:

Open loop and Closed loop

C.

No. of Axes:

2, 3, 4, 5 axes CNC m/c

D.

Power drives:

Hydraulic, Electric, or Pneumatic

E.

Positioning (programming) systems:

Incremental and Absolute positioning
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A.

Motion control

Point to Point (PTP):

Moving the tool to a predefined locations at

maximum rate from point to point.
Accuracy of the destination (position of tool &
w/p) is imp. but not the path.
e.g.. Drilling, boring, tapping
Simplest & least expensive
B

Motion control
Straight Cut:

Feed rate at each axis is

controlled independently, one
at time.
Single axis direction control
No angular cuts are possible
Used in in face milling,
Pocketing, step turning etc ..
Capable of PTP control
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Motion control
Continuous (Contouring) Path:

Simultaneous control of axes.

Controls both the displacement and the velocity.

Machining profiles & Precise control.

Path is continuously control to have 3D profile.

Use linear and circular interpolators.

Feed rates should be programmed.

Most complex & expensive.

Can perform PTP & Straight Cut.

Motion control

B.

Control Loops

In open-loop control system stepper motors are

used
Stepper motors are driven by electric pulses
Every pulse rotates the motor spindle through
a certain amount
By counting the pulses, the amount of motion
can be controlled
No feedback signal for error correction
Lower positioning accuracy
Use for less precision jobs
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Open-loop control system

Control Loops
In closed-loop control systems DC or AC

motors are used

Position transducers are used to generate
position feedback signals for error correction
Better accuracy can be achieved
More expensive
Suitable for large size machine tools
Error compensation allows for greater
positional accuracy (.0001)
DC motors have higher torque ranges vs..
stepper motors
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Control Loops
Differential
amplifier

_
Updown
counter

DAC

Amp

Shaft

DC
Motor

Tacho
meter

+
Referencepulses

Closed-loop control mechanism

(position & velocity feedback)
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Encoder

Control Loops

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C.

No. of Axes

ISO MACHINE TOOL AXES DEFINITIONS

AXIS
Z

MACHINE TOOL WITH SPINDLE

axis of spindle or parallel to spindle,
(+Z) as tool goes away from the work piece
HORIZONTAL AXIS

VERTICAL AXIS

horizontal and parallel to

work holding surface,
(+X) to the right when
viewed from spindle
towards work piece

horizontal and parallel to

the work holding surface,
(+X) to the right when
viewed from spindle
towards column

apply right hand rules

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ISO MACHINE TOOL AXES DEFINITIONS

Vertical Machine

Horizontal Machine

RIGHT HAND RULE

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STANDARD LATHE
COORDINATE SYSTEM

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STANDARD MILLING M/C

COORDINATE SYSTEM

A,B,C are rotational directions w.r.t X, Y, Z resp.

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Fingers give direction of positive rotation

C.

No. of Axes

2& 3 axes CNC machines:

CNC lathes will be coming under 2 axes machines.
In 3-axes machines, by the simultaneous control of all the 3
axes, complex surfaces can be machined.
4 & 5 axes CNC machines:
A 5-axis milling centre includes the three
X, Y, Z axes, the 4th axis which is
rotary tilting of the spindle and the
5th axis, which can be a rotary index table.
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C.

No. of Axes..

5 axis m/c configurations

Rotational axes
on the spindle

Rotational16
axes on the table

C.

No. of Axes..
Secondary axes:

( U, V, W)

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D.

Power drives

Hydraulic, Electric, or Pneumatic

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Next topics
NC/CNC/DNC
Features of NC/CNC m/c tool
tooling
Interpolation

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