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FOUNDATION
Every structure consists of two parts:
Sub-structure or foundation and
Super structure
TYPES OF FOUNDATIONS
1. SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS (D<= B)
2. GDEEP FOUNDATIONS
(D>=L B)
FOUNDATION
TYPES OF FONDATIONS
1.
SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS
SPREAD FOOTING
ISOLATED COLUMN
FOUNDATION
COMBINED FOUNDATION
MAT OR RAFT
FOUNDATION
GRILLAGE FOUNDATION
STRAP FOOTING
2. DEEP FONDATIONS
PILE FOUNDATIONS
COFFER DAM
WELL FOUNDATIONS
OR CAISSON
SPREAD FOOTING
1.
2.
3.
4.
WALL FOUNDATION
WALL
PCC
WALL
II FOOTING
I FOOTING
SIMPLE
FOUNDATION
PCC
STEPPED
FOUNDATION
REINFORCED CONCRETE
FOOTING
COMBINED FOOTING
CANTILEVER OR STRAP
FOOTING
GRILLAGE FOUNDATION
DEEP FOUNDATION
1.PILE FOUNDATIONS
2.COFFER DAM
3.WELL FOUNDATIONS OR
CAISSON
It is used;
1.where the soil is compressible,
2.where the soil is water logged and
3.when stratum of required bearing capacity is at
greater depth.
The major uses of piles:
To carry vertical compression loads,
To resist uplift loads
To resist horizontal or inclined loads
Classification of Piles:
Based on the function;
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Concrete Pile
Timber Pile
Steel Pile
Composite Pile: Concrete & Timber, Concrete & Steel
CLASSIFICATION OF PILES
BASED ON FUNCTION
PILES
END BEARING PILES FRICTION PILES
COMPACTION PILES
TENSION PILES
ANCHOR PILES
CLASSIFICATION OF PILES
BASED ON MATERIALS AND
COMPOSITION
PILES
STEEL PILES
COMPOSITE PILES
PRE-CAST PILES
H - PILE
PIPE PILE
SHEET PILE
SOFT
SOIL
END BEARING PILE
PILES
ROCK
SOFT SOIL
Friction Piles
Piles are driven at a site where soil is weak or soft to a
considerable depth and it is not economical or
rather possible to rest the bottom end of the pile on
the hard stratum,
Load is carried by the friction developed between
the sides of the pile and the surrounding ground
( skin friction).
The piles are driven up to such a depth that skin
friction developed at the sides of the piles equals
the load coming on the piles.
Friction Piles
Skin friction should be carefully evaluated and
suitable factor of safety applied
The load carrying capacity of friction pile can be
increased by increasing diameter of the pile
increasing the depth of pile
increasing the number of piles (use as group of
piles)
making surface of the pile rough
Friction Piles
SOFT SOIL
FRICTION
PILE
COMPACTION PILE
Batter piles:
o
o
o
o
o
o
Sheet Piles
Sheet piles are never used to provide vertical
support but mostly used to act as retaining walls.
They are used for the following purposes:
To construct retaining walls in docks, and other marine
works.
To protect erosion of river banks.
To retain the sides of foundation trenches.
To confine the soil to increase its bearing capacity.
To protect the foundation of structures from erosion by
river or sea.
To isolate foundations from adjacent soils.
Timber Piles
2.
Concrete Piles
3.
Composite Piles
4.
Steel Piles
5.
Sand Piles
Timber
Concrete; Site cast or Precast
Composite
Steel; H- piles, Steel pipe
Concrete Piles
Concrete Piles are of 2 types:
a. Pre-cast Piles
b. Cast in situ Piles
RCC
Square
Piles
Pile Lifting
Pile Positioning
of
Cast-in-Situ
Concrete
Piles:
Disadvantages of
Cast-in-Situ Concrete
Piles:
Figure:
Cast-in-Situ
Pile
Uncased Piles
Footing
65
Loose Sand
Fz
Fy
-My
Mx
Rock
Fx
Composite Piles
Composite Piles
BORE HOLE
UNDER-REAMED
EQUIPMENT
UNDER-REAMED PILE
CAISSON
CAISSON
Caisson is derived from French word caisse
meaning a box.
It is relatively large deep foundation.
It is a box structure in shape of rectangular,
round
Uses
Transferring the load of structure to the hard
strata.
Used
for
foundation
of
bridges,
piers,
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Material
Following materials are used for
caissons:
1) RCC
2) Steel
3) Timber
4) Cast Iron
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types
Box caisson (open at top and closed at
bottom)
Open or well type (open at top and bottom)
Pneumatic type ( closed at top and open at
bottom)
84
Box caisson
It is strong water tight vessel open at top and
weight.
85
Box caisson
86
Box caisson
The caisson is sunk by filling sand, gravel, or
concrete in the empty space inside.
The place where the caisson base is to rest
must be levelled and as such box caissons are
used in places where the strata of sufficient
bearing capacity is available near the ground.
In normal practice, the soft natural bottom soil of
the river bed is dredged out to some depth and
the trench thus formed is filled with sand to have
a levelled base.
The function of the sand layer is to uniformly
distribute the superimposed loads over the soil
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below and thus avoid tilting of the caisson.
Box caisson
88
Box caisson
89
Box caisson
90
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Well components
Cutting edge
Curb
Steining
Bottom plug
Well cap
Top plug
Sand filling
92
PIER
WELL CAP
TOP PLUG
STEINING
SAND FIILING
CURB
CUTTING EDGE
BOTTOM PLUG
WELL FOUNDATION
94
95
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Pneumatic caisson
This type of caisson is closed at top and open (during construction) at
the bottom. The water is excluded from the caisson chamber by
means of compressed air.
The construction of the pneumatic caisson is similar to the types
described above, except that, the working chamber and shaft are
made air-tight. In order that the workmen may carry out excavation
work underneath the caisson and the water may not find its way
inside from below, the pressure of the compressed air in the shaft is
kept just higher than that of the water at that depth.
Each caisson has two air locks. Through one air lock workmen go
down for working while through the other excavated material is taken
out. An air lock essentially consists of a steel chamber having two airtight doors.
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Pneumatic caisson
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COFFER DAM
Contents
Definition
Uses
Selection of Coffer Dams
Types of Coffer Dams
Design features of coffer dams
Leakage Prevention
Economic Height
Definition
Cofferdams are temporary enclosures to keep out water
and soil so as to permit dewatering and construction of
the permanent facility (structure) in the dry.
A Coffer Dam is a temporary structure designed to keep
water and /or soil out of the excavation in which a
bridge pier or other structure is built.
Meaning of Coffer Dam : Coffer = Box
To take up the Foundation works in the Marine Region,
it is necessary to obstruct the water flow by means of
Coffer Dam.
Types of Coffer
Dam
1.Earth fill cofferdams - mainly for low level water
2. Sand Bag Coffer Dam to divert coarse of water
3.Rock fill cofferdams
4.Timber Crib or rock filled crib cofferdams - Construction on land
and than floated into place, which is also known as Gravity Dam
5.Braced / Sheet Pile Coffer Dam- Consisting of Sheet Piles, mainly
used in shallow water depth
(i). Single wall coffer dams
(ii). Double wall coffer dams
(iii). Cellular cofferdams
6. Movable or suspended cofferdams
Use of Guide Block to prevent
twisting of Sheet Piles
3. Cellular Cofferdams
- The cellular cofferdams are mostly used for
dewatering large areas , where the depth of water may
be 19 to 21 m.
-Mostly used the constuction of marine structures like
Dams ,Locks etc.
- The two common shapes of the cellular cofferdam
are:
(i) Circular type
(ii) Diaphragm type
Pier foundation
Timbering in trenches
Various Method of Timbering
Stay bracing
Box sheeting
Vertical sheeting
Runners
Sheet piling
Stay Bracing
Used method Firm
ground & depth
of excavation
does not exceed 2 m.
Box Sheeting
Vertical Sheeting
This method is adopted
for deep trenches
(up to 10 m depth)
in soft ground.
The method is similar
to box sheeting except
that the excavation is
carried out in stages
and at the end of
each stage an offset
is provided.
Runners
In case of soft ground
runner system is
provided.
The system is similar
to vertical sheeting.
Sheet piling
This method is used
I.Soil to be excavated is loose or
soft.
II.Width of trench is large.
III.Depth of excavation is large.
IV.Sub soil water is present.