US History-Chapter 3

US History
Chapter 3
Chapter 3 Section 1:
The French and Indian War
Between 1689 and 1748 the British and
the French fought a series of wars
French had many more Native
American allies
Dominated the forest passages
Benefited playing the British and the
French off each other
1754: 1.5 Million British colonists
70,000 French colonists
French built a series of small forts and
trading posts along the Great Lakes and
down the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers
-depended on the Native Americans for
protection
Both countries claimed the Ohio River Valley
French built Ft. Duquesne in Western Pennsylvania
1754- Virginia Governor- Robert Dinwiddie- sent

colonial troops under George Washington
Defeated French
Surrendered in French counterattacks
Sparked a global 7 years war
Call the French and Indian War in the colonies
1755- 2 French forts near Nova Scotia
were defeated
British evicted French settlers (Acadians)
and gave the farmland to New Englanders
Acadians sent to New Orleans and
became the basis of the Cajun people
General Braddock (British) marched in an ambush at
Ft. Duquesne
Braddock died
George Washington led the retreat and saved half the army
1756 and 1757- General Montcalm (French)

destroyed British forts on Lake Ontario and Lake
George
Native Americans raided British settlements in
Pennsylvania and Virginia
1758 and 1759- Tide of the war shifted
British cut off French shipping

Many Native Americans deserted the French
British captured Ft. Duquesne
British captured Ft. Louisbourg
At entrance of the St. Lawrence River
Cleared the way for General Wolfe to attack Quebec in 1759

Montcalm suffered defeat and death
1760- British captured Montreal

French governor-general had to surrender the rest of Canada
Treaty of Paris (1763)
Ended the French and Indian War
British got Canada, Great Lakes area, Ohio
River Valley, Florida
Driven French from North America and
now had everything to the Mississippi
Pontiacs Rebellion
1763- Native American groups captured most of the Forts in the
Ohio River Valley
Raided settlements in Western Pennsylvania, Maryland, and
Virginia
Goal was to lure French back with a weakened British
Failed to take 3 of the largest forts
Ran short on supplies
British put Thomas Gage in charge
Made peace with the Indians
Promised to restrain the settlers
Proclamation of 1763- ordered settlers to
remain east of the Appalachian mountains
British troops werent enough to enforce it or
protect the Indians
Created tension between the colonists and the
British
Created more British debt
1754- Albany plan of the Union
Written by Ben Franklin
Doesnt work
1760s- New taxes are passed that

become enforced
Trying to help ease British debt
Causes of the Revolution
British Government Serves as an Example
3 branches to the British Government
Bicameral legislature
Colonies typically had bicameral legislatures with

a governor
Colonists didnt elect any member to Parliament
Wealthy men controlled government
Different Ideas about Representation:
Colonists tended to write out their
governments
Members of Parliament believed they
virtually represented every British subject
England had followed a policy of salutary
neglect- allowing its colonists to self-rule
New Taxes Create Conflict
7 years war doubled Britains national debt
Parliament thought colonists should pay
some of the bill
The Sugar, Quartering, and Stamp Acts

Colonial merchants had become wealthy, often from smuggling
Sugar Act- lowered the duty on foreign molasses
Assigned custom officers and created courts to collect duties and prosecute
smugglers
Quartering Act- provide housing and supplies for British troops

Stamp Act: tax on printed material
Newspapers
Books
Court documents
Contracts
Land deeds
1st direct tax within the colonies
Taxation Without Representation
Colonists protested
Taxation without representation
Parliament dismissed the protests
Opposition to Taxes Strengthens

3 forms:
Intellectual protest
Economic boycott
Violent intimidation
Drew ideas from the Enlightenment
Natural rights
Life, liberty, and property
Social Contract
Patrick Henry- Virginia Resolves

Only colonial assemblies had the right to tax the colonists
May 30, 1765- Virginia House passed most of Henrys
resolves
Patriot Leaders Emerge:
Sons of Liberty: associations to protest
new policies
Sam Adams
Assaulted supporters and tax collectors
Especially Boston
Hutchinsons house destroyed
End of 1765 all tax collectors had resigned
Colonial Boycotts Threaten the British Economy
9 colonies to Stamp Act congress
NYC
October 1765
Boycott of goods
Committees then enforced these nonimportation

agreements
Women: homespun clothing
Daughters of Liberty
Parliament repealed the Stamp Act in 1766

Passed Declaratory Act- right to pass taxes
Protests Lead to Violence:
Back to indirect taxes
Townshend Acts
Glass, lead, paper, paint, and tea
Colonists said they wouldnt pay any new taxes
Boston Massacre
Revised protests
Boston
Massachusetts legislature issued a letter denouncing the

Townshend acts
Governor dissolved Massachusetts legislature
Customs officials seized Liberty, a ship belonging to John Hancock
Riots
4,000 troops sent to Boston
Boston Massacre
Sam Adams: Committees of
correspondence
Leadership and promoted cooperation
Parliament withdrew troops from Boston

Dropped most of Townshend duties
Kept tax on tea
Boston Tea Party:
Hurt British East India Company
Let British East India Company sell directly
to the colonies
Made tea cheaper
Dumped 3 ships worth into the harbor
Coercive Acts Intolerable Acts
Closed the Port of Boston until Boston paid for the tea
Warships and troops to Boston
British officials to be tried in Britain
Quebec Act- Canadas Southern border
Rural reacted with violence
Fall 1774- 1st Continental Congress

Everyone but Georgia
Boycott of all British goods
The Colonists Declare Independence
The First Shots are Fired

With Thomas Gage put in charge as
Governor of Massachusetts
Massachusetts leaders convened a Provincial
Congress to govern Massachusetts without
Gage
Also began to stockpile weapons

Lexington and Concord- April 19,1775
Country town West of Boston
Gage sent troops to arrest Hancock and Adams
and collect weapons
Tipped off that the British were on their way by a
group of men (Paul Reveres ride)
Militia: Full time farmers- part time soldiers

Lexington- 70 Patriots gathered
Ordered to disperse
Shot fired
8 Patriots dead
Hundreds of minutemen then gathered firing upon
the British through the trees
200 British wounded or killed
Loyalists: those loyal to Britain
May 1775- 2nd continental Congress

All colonies in attendance
Assumed responsibility for the war
Established a new Continental Army
Led by Washington
July 1775- 3 months of fighting
Olive Branch Petition
Colonists are somewhat split over supporting rebels and remaining loyal
being a loyalist didnt meant hat you agreed with the taxes
1/5 of the country were loyalists
Allegiance to the King but not to Parliament

King rejected and sent more troops to Boston
Wealthy
Artisans
Some farmers
Minorities
Upset at Patriot taxes, militia draft, oaths of allegiance

Patriots often shut down loyalists newspapers and harassed supporters
Supporters of loyalists also included Indians and slaves

January 1776- Thomas Paines Common Sense
Independence from Britain

Republican state governments
Union of the new states
Depicted the king as enemy
Wanted common people to elect all government
Thought a republic would reward merit rather than inherited
privilege
July 2, 1776- Vote for Independence

July 4, 17760 approval of the
Declaration of Independence
Thomas Jefferson
Denounced the king as a tyrant
Natural rights unalienable rights
Contradiction to slavery
Americans win the Revolution
British strengths:
Manufacturing
Navy
Weapons
Established Government
Trained and equipped troops
American issues:
new government
no authority to collect taxes
printing paper money caused mass
inflation
untrained and ill equipped troops
Bunker Hill- Patriots fortified the hill outside Boston
British commander Lord Howe ordered a frontal
assault by soldiers in the middle of the day
marched straight in to Patriot fire
2 charges failed
3rd charged was successful
Patriots had run out of Ammo
British had doubled the casualties of the Americans
January 1776- Col. Henry Knox arrived
with cannons to fortify outside Boston
by March 1776- British abandoned the city
British looked at the war as a traditional

war and not a revolutionary war
Mercenaries- soldier for hire
British hired German mercenaries "Hessians"
Washington lost most battles

skillful retreats
continental army focused on the British
militia focused on loyalists militias in the
countryside
Homefront
Women had to work the farm while the
men were at war
Made clothing for soldiers
Colonies issued paper money with high

inflation
Made it more profitable to sell supplies to the
British
The War in the Middle States and the Frontier
After Boston the British focused on NYC to cut off
New England
Howe captured NYC on September 15, 1776
Washington counter attacked on December 26- Crossing
the Delaware River Dec. 25 in the night
Surprised the British (German) garrison at the Battle of
Trenton
Morale booster for the colonies
Jan. 3, 1777- General Washington beat
General Cornwalliss troops at the battle
of Princeton
Followed by British victories
General Burgoyne (British) marched south from
Canada to invade New Yorks Hudson River Valley
into a trap at Saratoga- October 17,1777
Greatest American victory to date
Convinced France to enter the war
Before this they had been covertly helping
General Marquis de Lafayette and some French volunteers had
been helping with their experience and expertise
Feb. 1778- France had an official alliance with the colonies
Negotiated by Ben Franklin
French army and navy started attacking the British

1779- Spanish entered as a French ally (wanted to weaken the
British but feared the threat of a revolution and independence)
Not an official American ally but provided money and supplies to the
Patriots
Prevented British ships from entering the Mississippi River at New
Orleans
Winter of 77 to 78
Colonial army at Valley Forge (outside
Philadelphia)
Harsh winter with not enough supplies
Improved with drilling from German Barn Von
Steuben
June 1778- British evacuated
Philadelphia
George Washington pursued- met at
Monmouth, New Jersey
Americans had improved discipline under fire
Frontier
Indians mostly sided with the British
Started attacked the colonists
Americans would then attack all Indians, even
neutral ones
This hostility will continue for years after the war
Vincennes
Trading post
Captured by Patriots
Recaptured by the British
Patriots convinced Indians at the fort to drop their alliance with the British
Patriots were then able to take the fort back
Americans could now lay claim to the Ohio River Valley
1779- many British and Indians attacked outpost

Patriots then burned 40 Iroquois towns- destroying the power of the Iroquois
Confederation
Indians continued attacking frontier settlers- many of them returned to the
East
The War in the South:
British expected Loyalists in the South but did a
poor job supporting their militia
British won most of the victories in the South and
captured most of the major seaports
1778- Savannah
1780- Charleston
1780- summer- crushed the patriot army at Camden, SC
1780- Spanish captured the British fort at Mobile, AL

1781- Spanish took Pensacola
Meant to establish Spanish control but also diverted British attention and
soldiers away
British failed to control the Southern Countryside

1780- Patriots won against Loyalist militia at Kings Mountain- Patriots
executed many prisoners- swung neutral and Patriots
Patriots in the South were led by Nathaniel Greene and Daniel Morgan
Early 1781- Patriots won battle sat Cowpens and Guilford Courthouse
Gen. Cornwallis left and marched to Virginia into a trap
Reasons Patriots won:
British tactical mistakes because they
underestimated the Patriots
British misunderstood the nature of the conflict
Patriots were highly motivated with good
leadership
France
Washington met Cornwallis at Yorktown,
Virginia with French fleet to cut off
British navy
Cornwallis was trapped by land and sea
Surrendered his army of 8,000 at Yorktown on
October 19, 1781
At Yorktown the French outnumbered the patriots
1783- after negotiation from Ben Franklin and
John Adams- Treaty of Parish is signed
American independence and generous American
boundaries
Strained their relationship with the French who
expected to lead the negotiations
France and Spain each negotiated individual
treaties with the British
The Impact of the Revolution:
Many Loyalists were prevented from returning home
About 90,000 people became refugees
Many settled in North Great Britain
Many former slaves were re-enslaved in the British west Indies
Treaty of Parish ignored the Indians

Settlers surged westward into KY and TN areas
Women gained little rights, but gained respect with the idea
of republican motherhood
People learned virtue from their mothers
Hypocrisy of the American Revolution came with the ideas of
Slavery and the treatment of Native Americans and women
Some Northern states became free states, but many masters
sold their slaves to the South before the laws too effect
Manumission- voluntary freeing of your slaves
After 1800- some Southern states passed laws making this harder
One long lasting effect of the Revolution was future revolutions it

would inspire

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US History

1754- Virginia Governor- Robert Dinwiddie- sent

1756 and 1757- General Montcalm (French)

British cut off French shipping

Cleared the way for General Wolfe to attack Quebec in 1759

1760- British captured Montreal

1760s- New taxes are passed that

Colonies typically had bicameral legislatures with

The Sugar, Quartering, and Stamp Acts

Quartering Act- provide housing and supplies for British troops

1st direct tax within the colonies

Opposition to Taxes Strengthens

Patrick Henry- Virginia Resolves

Committees then enforced these nonimportation

Parliament repealed the Stamp Act in 1766

Massachusetts legislature issued a letter denouncing the

Parliament withdrew troops from Boston

Dumped 3 ships worth into the harbor

Fall 1774- 1st Continental Congress

The Colonists Declare Independence

The First Shots are Fired

The Colonists Declare Independence

The Colonists Declare Independence

Loyalists: those loyal to Britain

The Colonists Declare Independence

May 1775- 2nd continental Congress

The Colonists Declare Independence

July 1775- 3 months of fighting

Olive Branch Petition

Allegiance to the King but not to Parliament

Upset at Patriot taxes, militia draft, oaths of allegiance

Supporters of loyalists also included Indians and slaves

The Colonists Declare Independence

Independence from Britain

The Colonists Declare Independence

July 2, 1776- Vote for Independence

British had doubled the casualties of the Americans

British looked at the war as a traditional

Washington lost most battles

Colonies issued paper money with high

French army and navy started attacking the British

Americans could now lay claim to the Ohio River Valley

1779- many British and Indians attacked outpost

1780- Spanish captured the British fort at Mobile, AL

British failed to control the Southern Countryside

Treaty of Parish ignored the Indians

One long lasting effect of the Revolution was future revolutions it

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