Introduction To Computer Networks and Data Communications

Chapter One
Introduction to Computer Networks and

Data Communications
Data Communications and Computer
Networks: A Business User's Approach
Sixth Edition
After reading this chapter,

you should be able to:
Define the basic terminology of computer
networks
Recognize the individual components of the big
picture of computer networks
Outline the basic network layouts
Define the term convergence and describe how
it applies to computer networks
Cite the reasons for using a network architecture
and explain how they apply to current network
systems
Data Communications and Computer Networks: A Business User's Approach, Sixth Edition
After reading this chapter,

you should be able to (continued):
List the layers of the TCP/IP protocol suite and
describe the duties of each layer
List the layers of the OSI model and describe the
duties of each layer
Compare the TCP/IP protocol suite and the OSI
model and list their differences and similarities
Introduction
Who today has not used a computer network?
Mass transit, interstate highways, 24-hour
bankers, grocery stores, cable television, cell
phones, businesses and schools, and retail
outlets support some form of computer network
The Language of Computer Networks

Computer network an interconnection of
computers and computing equipment using
either wires or radio waves over small or large
geographic areas
Local area network networks that are small in
geographic size spanning a room, floor, building,
or campus
Metropolitan area network networks that serve
an area of 1 to 30 miles, approximately the size
of a typical city

(continued)
Wide area network a large network that
encompasses parts of states, multiple states,
countries, and the world
Personal area network a network of a few
meters, between wireless devices such as
PDAs, laptops, and similar devices
Voice network a network that transmits only
telephone signals (almost extinct)
Data network a network that transmits voice
and computer data (replacing voice networks)

(continued)
Data communications the transfer of digital or
analog data using digital or analog signals
Telecommunications the study of telephones
and the systems that transmit telephone signals
(becoming simply data communications)
Network management the design, installation,
and support of a network, including its hardware
and software
Network cloud a network (local or remote) that
contains software, applications, and/or data
The Big Picture of Networks

Networks are composed of many devices,
including:
Workstations (computers, tablets, wireless
phones, etc)
Servers
Network hubs and switches
Routers (LAN to WAN and WAN to WAN)
Telephone switching gear
The Big Picture of Networks (continued)
Communications Networks Basic Layouts
Microcomputer-to-local area network

Microcomputer-to-Internet
Local area network-to-local area network
Personal area network-to-workstation
Local area network-to-metropolitan area network
10
Communications Networks Basic Layouts

(continued)
Local area network-to-wide area network

Sensor-to-local area network
Satellite and microwave
Cell phones
Computer terminal / microcomputer-tomainframe
11
Microcomputer-to-Local Area Network

Layout
Highly common throughout business and
academic environments, and now homes
Typically a medium- to high-speed connection
Computer (device) requires a NIC (network
interface card)
NIC connects to a hub-like device (switch)
12
Microcomputer-to-Local Area Network

Layout (continued)
13
Microcomputer-to-Internet Layout
Popular with home users and small businesses
For some, a dial-up modem is used to connect
users microcomputer to an Internet service
provider
Technologies such as DSL and cable modems
are replacing modems
14
Microcomputer-to-Internet Layout
(continued)
15
Local Area Network-to-Local Area Network

Layout
Found in systems that have two or more LANs
and a need for them to intercommunicate
A bridge-like device (such as a switch) is
typically used to interconnect LANs
Switch can filter frames
16
Local Area Network-to-Local Area Network

Layout (continued)
17
Personal Area Network-to-Workstation

Layout
Interconnects wireless devices such as PDAs,
laptops and notebooks, and music playback
devices
Used over short distances such as a few meters
18
Personal Area Network-to-Workstation

Layout (continued)
19
Local Area Network-to-Metropolitan Area

Network Layout
Used to interconnect companies (usually their
local area networks) to networks that
encompass a city
High-speed networks with redundant circuits
Metro Ethernet is latest form of metropolitan
LAN
20
Local Area Network-to-Metropolitan Area

Network Layout (continued)
21
Local Area Network-to-Wide Area Network

Layout
One of the most common ways to interconnect a
user on a LAN workstation to the Internet (a
wide area network)
A router is the typical device that performs LAN
to WAN connections
Routers are more complex devices than
switches
22
Local Area Network-to-Wide Area Network

Layout (continued)
23
Wide Area Network-to-Wide Area Network

Layout
High-speed routers and switches are used to
connect one wide area network to another
Thousands of wide area networks across North
America, many interconnected via these routers
and switches
24
Sensor-to-Local Area Network Layout

Not all local area networks deal with
microcomputer workstations
Often found in industrial and laboratory
environments
Assembly lines and robotic controls depend
heavily on sensor-based local area networks
25
Sensor-to-Local Area Network Layout

(continued)
26
Terminal/Microcomputer-to-Mainframe
Computer Layout
Predominant form in the 1960s and 1970s
Still used in many types of businesses for data
entry and data retrieval
Few dumb terminals left today most are
microcomputers with terminal emulation card, a
web browser and web interface, Telnet software,
or a thin client
27
Terminal/Microcomputer-to-Mainframe
Computer Layout (continued)
28
Satellite and Microwave Layout

Typically long distance wireless connections
Many types of applications including long
distance telephone, television, radio, long-haul
data transfers, and wireless data services
Typically expensive services but many
companies offer competitive services and rates
Newer shorter-distance services such as WiMax
29
Satellite and Microwave Layout (continued)
30
Cell Phone Layout

Constantly expanding market across the U.S.
and world
Third generation services available in many
areas and under many types of plans with fourth
generation services starting to appear
Latest generation includes higher speed data
transfers (100s to 1000s of kilobits per second)
31
Cell Phone Layout (continued)
32
Cellular communication trends
Information Revolution
Digitization: using the same tool (computers) to
store, manipulate and transmit information in
form of speech, text, data, and video more
cheaply and faster than every before.
Networking: distributed, fast digital networks
wired and wireless
Convergence: refers to merging of what were
three separate industries: telecommunications,
computing, and electronics or broadcasting
Digital Communication
Where image text or sound is converted into binary
numbers- ones and zeroes ( 0/1)
Digital codes can duplicate, track store or play back
complex kinds of content
Strong when combined with ever greater chip capacity in
computers, and bundles of glass fibre ( fibre optics)
capable of carrying large quantities of information
Current revolution: the Digital Video Disk
DVDs: higher resolution, no rewinding, now coming
recordable for storage and intending to replace CDS
Also: wireless Internet ( games on the cell phone)
Convergence
Convergence
Convergence
Service convergence
N-play services / N-play economics
Extends demand for broadband access
Market structure
Strategic alliances (Content, Media, etc.)
Mergers and acquisitions
Consolidation
New business models

Falling costs of traditional communication
Merger of customer base
Lower margins / New value-added services
Costly investment programs
Tele-Communication Sector in Transition

Migration to the IP-environment
Fixed telecommunications
Incumbents: British Telecom, DT AG, KPN
Newcomers: Dialog, Metropolitan Networks
Wireless communications
Mobile telecommunications: from 2G to 4G
WiFi, MiMax
Cable TV
Broadcasting
Service and content providers
Strengthened process of convergence

Technology
Market
Services
Institutional
Trend of Telecom Convergence

- Forces from computer and media industries
Telecom Industry
(communication)
mobility
xDSL 3G/Wireless Internet

Wireline
Wireless/Cellular
ISDN
Intranet/Internet
PSTN
PC-WAN Carrier class
Computer Industry (computer)
PC-LAN
PC/Servers
desk top computing
main frames
Media Industry (content)
electronic
publishing and
entertainment
45
INTERNET OF THINGS
More Things are being connected

Home/daily-life devices
Business and
Public infrastructure
Health-care
47
People Connecting to Things
ECG sensor
Internet
Motion sensor
Motion sensor
Motion sensor
48
Things Connecting to Things
- Complex and heterogeneous

resources and networks
49
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN)

End-user
Core network
e.g. Internet
Gateway
Sink
node
Gateway
Computer services
- The networks typically run Low Power Devices

-
Consist of one or more sensors, could be different type of sensors (or actuators)
50
How are the networks changing?

Extensions
More nodes, more connections, IPv6, 6LowPan,...
Any TIME, Any PLACE + Any THING
M2M, IoT
Billions of interconnected devices,
Everybody connected.
Expansions
Broadband
Enhancements
Smart networks
Data-centric and content-oriented networking
Context-aware (autonomous) systems
51
Future Networks
52
52
52
Thing connected to the internet
Image Courtesy: : CISCO
53
53
CLOUD COMPUTING
What is Cloud Computing?

Simply put, cloud computing provides a variety of
computing resources , from servers and storage to
enterprise applications such as email, security,
backup/DR, voice, all delivered over the Internet. The
Cloud delivers a hosting environment that is immediate,
flexible, scalable, secure, and available while saving
corporations money, time and resources.
Traditional Infrastructure Model

Forecasted
Infrastruct
ure
Demand
Capital
Chart Title
Capital
Time
Time
Forecasted
Infrastructu
re Demand
Acceptable Surplus
Forecasted
Infrastruct
ure
Demand
Surplu
s
Capital
Chart Title
Surplu
s
Capital
Forecasted
Infrastructu
re Demand
Time
Time
Actual demand
Capital
Actual
Infrastructu
re Demand
Chart Title
Capital
Time
Actual
Infrastructur
e Demand
Time
Unacceptable Surplus
Capital
Capital
Surplus
Surplus
Time
Time
Unacceptable Deficit
Deficit
Capital
Time
Utility Infrastructure Model with Cloud
Capital
Actual
Infrastructu
re Demand
Chart Title
Capital
Time
Actual
Infrastructur
e Demand
Time
Do you Use the Cloud?
Library Services using Cloud
Mendeley
Worldcat
ExLibris
Research
Gate
Library
Thing
Google
Scholar
Dropbox
GOOGLE APPS.
MENDELEY
DROPBOX
YOUTUBE
REMOTEXS
ZIMBARA
FACEBOOK
WORD365
LIBLIME KOHA
CYBRARIAN
Advantage and Disadvantage

Advantage:
less expensive
Just need an Internet connection
does not need as large internal storage
system
Compatible
Easy Update
Disadvantage
Security Issues
Terms of Service
Privacy Policies
THE CORE TECHNOLOGY

Network Architectures
A reference model that describes the layers of
hardware and software necessary to transmit
data between two points or for multiple devices /
applications to interoperate
Reference models are necessary to increase
likelihood that different components from
different manufacturers will converse
Two models to learn: TCP/IP protocol suite and
OSI model
66
The TCP/IP Protocol Suite
Note: Some authors show only four layers, combining the two
bottom layers.
67
The TCP/IP Protocol Suite (continued)

Application layer
Where the application using the network resides
Common network applications include web browsing,
e-mail, file transfers, and remote logins
Transport layer
Performs a series of miscellaneous functions (at the
end-points of the connection) necessary for
presenting the data package properly to the sender or
receiver
68

Network (Internet or internetwork or IP) layer
Responsible for creating, maintaining and ending network
connections
Transfers data packet from node to node (e.g. router to router)
within network
Network access (data link) layer

Responsible for taking the data and transforming it into a frame
with header, control and address information, and error detection
code, then transmitting it between the workstation and the
network
Physical layer
Handles the transmission of bits over a communications channel
Includes voltage levels, connectors, media choice, modulation
techniques
69
70
The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI)

Model
Note: The fifth layer (Physical) is missing in this figure.
71

Model (continued)
Application layer
Equivalent to TCP/IPs application layer
Presentation layer
Responsible for final presentation of data
(code conversions, compression, encryption)
Session layer
Responsible for establishing sessions
between users
72

Model (continued)
Transport layer
Equivalent to TCP/IPs transport layer
Network layer
Equivalent to TCP/IPs network layer
Data link layer
Responsible for taking the data and
transforming it into a frame with header,
control and address information, and error
detection code
73

Model (continued)
Physical layer
Handles the transmission of bits over a
communications channel
Includes voltage levels, connectors, media choice,
modulation techniques
74
Logical and Physical Connections

A logical connection is one that exists only in the
software, while a physical connection is one that
exists in the hardware
Note that in a network architecture, only the
lowest layer contains the physical connection,
while all higher layers contain logical
connections
75

(continued)
76

(continued)
77
Network Layouts in Action
78
The TCP/IP Protocol Suite in Action

Note the flow of data from user to Web browser
and back
At each layer, information is either added or
removed, depending on whether the data is
leaving or arriving at a workstation
The adding of information over pre-existing
information is termed encapsulation
79
The TCP/IP Protocol Suite in Action

(continued)
80
Download Bandwidth Ranking 2013 (1)
http://www.netindex.com/download/allcountries/
Download Bandwidth Ranking 2013 (2)
2014: Indonesia rank no 141, BW 4.86 Mbps
Summary
Many services and products that we use every day
employ computer networks and data communications in
some way
Field of data communications and computer networks
includes data networks, voice networks, wireless
networks, local area networks, metropolitan area
networks, wide area networks, and personal area
networks
83
Summary (continued)
Application areas can be understood in terms of general
network layouts:
Microcomputer-to-local area network

Microcomputer-to-Internet
Local area network-to-local area network
Personal area network-to-workstation
Local area network-to-metropolitan area network
Local area network-to-wide area network
Wide area network-to-wide area network
Sensor-to-local area network
Satellite and microwave
Cell phone
Terminal/microcomputer-to-mainframe computer
84
Summary (continued)
Key concept in networking is convergence
A network architecture, or communications model,
places network pieces in layers
Layers define model for functions or services that need to
be performed
The TCP/IP protocol suite is also known as the Internet

model and is composed of five layers (some show four):
Application layer
Transport layer
Network layer
Network access layer
Physical layer
85
Summary (continued)
The International Organization for Standardization (ISO)
created the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model
OSI model is based on seven layers: application layer,
presentation layer, session layer, transport layer, network
layer, data link layer, physical layer
A logical connection is a flow of ideas that occurs,

without a direct physical connection, between the sender
and receiver at a particular layer
86
Lesson Plan
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Introduction
Fundamental of data and signal + quiz (@ 2.5%)
The Media + quiz
Making Connection + quiz
Multiplexing + quiz
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
Error Detection and Control + quiz

LAN: Basic + quiz
UTS (35%)
WAN/Internet + quiz
Current Internet Technologies (Cloud, IoT)+ quiz
Network Security + quiz
12. Digital Forensic + quiz

13. Network Design and Management + quiz
14. UAS (35%)
88

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Introduction To Computer Networks and Data Communications

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Chapter One

Introduction to Computer Networks and

After reading this chapter,

After reading this chapter,

The Language of Computer Networks

The Language of Computer Networks

The Language of Computer Networks

The Big Picture of Networks

The Big Picture of Networks (continued)

Communications Networks Basic Layouts

Microcomputer-to-local area network

Communications Networks Basic Layouts

Local area network-to-wide area network

Microcomputer-to-Local Area Network

Microcomputer-to-Local Area Network

Local Area Network-to-Local Area Network

Local Area Network-to-Local Area Network

Personal Area Network-to-Workstation

Personal Area Network-to-Workstation

Local Area Network-to-Metropolitan Area

Local Area Network-to-Metropolitan Area

Local Area Network-to-Wide Area Network

Local Area Network-to-Wide Area Network

Wide Area Network-to-Wide Area Network

Sensor-to-Local Area Network Layout

Sensor-to-Local Area Network Layout

Satellite and Microwave Layout

Satellite and Microwave Layout (continued)

Cell Phone Layout

Cell Phone Layout (continued)

Cellular communication trends

New business models

Tele-Communication Sector in Transition

Strengthened process of convergence

Trend of Telecom Convergence

xDSL 3G/Wireless Internet

Media Industry (content)

More Things are being connected

People Connecting to Things

Things Connecting to Things

- Complex and heterogeneous

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN)

- The networks typically run Low Power Devices

How are the networks changing?

Thing connected to the internet

Image Courtesy: : CISCO

What is Cloud Computing?

Traditional Infrastructure Model

Utility Infrastructure Model with Cloud

Do you Use the Cloud?

Library Services using Cloud

Advantage and Disadvantage

THE CORE TECHNOLOGY

The TCP/IP Protocol Suite

The TCP/IP Protocol Suite (continued)

The TCP/IP Protocol Suite (continued)

Network access (data link) layer

The TCP/IP Protocol Suite (continued)

The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI)

Note: The fifth layer (Physical) is missing in this figure.

The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI)

The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI)

The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI)