Low Temperature District Heating Systems - PHD Defence - Hakan İbrahim Tol

District Heating in Areas with Low Energy
Houses
Detailed Analysis of District Heating Systems based on
Low Temperature Operation and Use of Renewable Energy
Defense for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy
Hakan brahim Tol
February 2015
Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
CONTENT OF PRESENTATION
Literature Review
Aim and Hypothesis

Purpose and Scope
Disposition of the PhD Thesis
Research Questions Studied
Design of DH network for new settlements
Design of DH network for existing settlements
Non-fossil fuel heat sources for low-energy DH
Conclusions
Further Studies
Allocated time: 45 minutes

DTU Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark
FOLLOWING THE CONTENT
Literature Review
Aim and Hypothesis

Purpose and Scope
Conclusions
Further Studies
PREVIOUS REDUCTIONS OF TEMPERATURE

In the early stages of the use of district heating systems, the distribution
of heat took place through the use of steam as the heat-carrying
medium.
the newly built systems that evolved were based on super-heated water,
its temperature at about 120 C, and afterwards on hot water, at a
temperature of about 90 C.
Further reduction in the supply temperature was achieved by pertaining
trials of decreasing 5 C of the supply temperature each week from 85 C
to 70 C in an operating Danish district heating system.
In more recent developments low-energy district heating systems
operating at very low temperatures, 55 C in the case of supply and 25
C in the case of return, were found to satisfy the heating demands of
low-energy houses when control of the substations was adequate.
SUCCESSFUL EXAMPLES
Lystrup, Denmark
Heat Supply to:
40 terraced low-energy houses, each 87-109 m2
A communal building
Substations (Differing in domestic hot water production)

3 kW with 120 L storage tank
32.3 kW with instantenous production
SSE Greenwatt Way Development, UK

Heat Sources:
Supply of 55 C to:
Air Source Heat Pump,

Ground Source Heat Pumps
Biomass Boiler
10 dwellings
Krehir District Heating, Trkiye

1,800 dwellings in high-rise multi-family buildings since
1994 with outdoor design temperature of -12 C
ADVANTAGES OF LOW-TEMPERATURE OPERATION
He
at
L
os
s
REDUCTION IN HEAT LOSS
80 C
Le
a
ka
ge
40 C
50 C
20 C
INCREASE OF EFFICIENCY OF EXISTING SOURCES &
LOW-GRADE HEAT SOURCES

Biomass
Industrial
Waste Heat
Waste Incineration
Plant
CHP
Solar Heat
Geothermal
Sources
Waste Heat of
Chillers
IMPROVED INDOOR AIR QUALITY

Lower Vertical
Temperature
Differences
Possible Scalding or
Skin Burns
Dust Burning
Lower Air Speeds
Literature Review
Aim and Hypothesis

Purpose and Scope
Conclusions
Further Studies
The Major Aim

An infrastructural transformation process for Danish Municipalities
involving;
(i) developing a method for designing low-energy district heating
systems considered for new settlements,
(ii) developing a method for designing low-energy district heating
systems for already existing settlements involving existing buildings
in use of existing old in-house heating systems and
(iii) developing a decision support tool in planning for the use of
renewable energy sources as heat sources for low-energy district
heating systems. Regarding the heat supply, strong emphasis is
placed on matters of sustainability, security of supply and reliability.
Hypotheses
A detailed analysis of energy performance and of overall costs of lowenergy district heating systems can be used as a rational basis for
planning the use of low-energy district heating in areas in particular in
which low energy houses are built.
Literature Review
Aim and Hypothesis

Purpose and Scope
Conclusions
Further Studies
Purpose and Scope

The first research question is that of what method or methods can best
be used to determine the most energy-efficient and sustainable optimal
dimensioning of a low-energy district-heating piping network, together
with the substation types and the network layouts that can most fruitfully
be employed.
The second research question concerns the technical possibilities of
RQ2 integrating the use of low-energy district heating systems in already
existing settlements with the existing in-house heating systems.
The third research question concerns that of how a decision support tool
can be developed for determining the optimal capacities of renewableRQ3 energy-based energy conversion systems for supplying heat to lowenergy district heating systems and the technical specifications such a
tool should meet.
RQ1
CONNECTION OF RESEARCH QUESTIONS
Literature Review
Aim and Hypothesis

Purpose and Scope
Conclusions
Further Studies
Article-Based Dissertation
RQ1
ISI-1: Tol, Hakan brahim, Svendsen, Svend, Improving the dimensioning of piping networks and network
layouts in low-energy district heating systems connected to low-energy buildings: A case study in Roskilde,
Denmark. Energy 38 (2012) 276 290. 23 times cited in Scopus.
RQ1
ISI-2: Tol, Hakan brahim, Svendsen, Svend, A comparative study on substation types and network
layouts in connection with low-energy district heating systems. Energy Conversion and Management 64
(2012) 551561. 6 times cited in Scopus.
RQ2
ISI-3: Tol, Hakan brahim, Svendsen, Svend, Effects of boosting the supply temperature on pipe
dimensions of low-energy district heating networks: A case study in Gladsaxe, Denmark. Energy and
Buildings 88 (2015) 324-334. New Publishment.
RQ1
N-ISI: Tol, Hakan brahim, Svendsen, Svend, The exergetic, environmental and economic effect of the
hydrostatic design static pressure level on the pipe dimensions of low-energy district heating networks.
Challanges 4 (2013) 1-16, doi:10.3390/challe4010001. 1 time cited in Challenges.
RQ3
BC-1: Tol, Hakan brahim, Dincer Ibrahim, Svendsen Svend (2013) Determining the Optimal Capacities of
Renewable-Energy-Based Energy Conversion Systems for Meeting the Demands of Low-Energy District
Heating, Electricity and District Cooling - Case Studies in Copenhagen and Toronto. In: Ibrahim Dincer et al
(eds.), Progress in Clean Energy. Submitted to Springer, New York. Accepted to be Published.
RQ3
BC-2: Tol, Hakan brahim, Dincer Ibrahim, Svendsen Svend (2013) Regional Energy Planning Tool for
Renewable Integrated Low-Energy District Heating Systems: Environmental Assessment. In: Ibrahim
Dincer, Can Ozgur Colpan, Fethi Kadioglu (eds). Causes, Impacts and Solutions to Global Warming,
Springer, New York. 1 time cited in Google Scholar.
Conference Dissertations
ISI-1
ISI-2
ISI-3
ISIs
N-ISI
ISI-3
BCs
i.
Tol, Hakan brahim, Svendsen, Svend, Design of low-energy district heating system for a settlement
with low-energy buildings, 3rd International Symposium on Environmental Management, Oct 26
28, 2011, Zagreb, Croatia, pp. 166 171. 5 times cited in Google Scholar.
ii.
Tol, Hakan brahim, Svendsen, Svend, Determination of optimum network layout for low-energy
district heating systems with different substation types, The Third International Renewable Energy
Congress, Dec 20 22, 2011, Hammamet, Tunisia, pp. 179 184. 5 times cited in Google
Scholar.
iii.
Tol, Hakan brahim, Svendsen, Svend, Operational planning of low-energy district heating systems
connected to existing buildings, International Conference on Renewable Energy: Generation and
Applications, Mar 4 7, 2012, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates. 5 times cited in Google Scholar.
iv.
Tol, Hakan brahim, Nielsen, Susanne Balslev, Svendsen, Svend, Case studies in low-energy district
heating systems: Determination of dimensioning methods for planning the future heating
infrastructure, IFME World Congress on Municipal Engineering Sustainable Communities, Jun 4
10, 2012, Helsinki, Finland. 0 time cited in Google Scholar.
v.
Tol, Hakan brahim, Svendsen, Svend, Effect of design static pressure level on energy efficiency at
low energy district heating systems, Pacific Rim Energy and Sustainability Congress, Aug 6 9,
2012, Hiroshima, Japan, pp. 130 - 137. 0 time cited in Google Scholar.
vi.
Tol, Hakan brahim, Svendsen, Svend, Optimal dimensioning of low-energy district heating networks
with operational planning - Case study for existing buildings, 11th International Conference on
Sustainable Energy Technologies, Sep 2 5, 2012, Vancouver, Canada, pp. 113 - 122. 4 times
cited in Google Scholar.
vii.
Tol, Hakan brahim, Diner, brahim, Svendsen, Svend, Potential District Heating Systems with NonFossil Fuel Heat Sources For Low-Temperature Applications (As Abstract), 11th International
Conference on Sustainable Energy Technologies, Sep 2 5, 2012, Vancouver, Canada. 0 time
cited in Google Scholar.
Literature Review
Aim and Hypothesis

Purpose and Scope
Conclusions
Further Studies
DETERMINATION OF HEAT LOAD ON PIPES
RQ1
ISI-1
SITE DESCRIPTION
SEMI-DETACHED SINGLE FAMILY HOUSES
Number of Houses
165
Low Energy House (Class I)
3 kW Space Heating
3 kW Domestic Hot Water
(120 l buffer tank)
32 kW Domestic Hot Water (without tank)
NEW LOW ENERGY DH SYSTEM
Static Pressure
10 bar
Max Allowable Pressure Drop

8 bar
Total Length of Network

~1 km
Pipe Type (Class I)

AluFlex Twin Pipe
DN14 DN32
Steel Twin Pipe

DN32 DN80
RQ1
ISI-1
DH NETWORK = NODE & PIPE SEGMENTS

Pipe Segment
RQ1
ISI-1
DETERMINATION of HEAT LOAD

SF for 6
Simultaneity Factor in each Segment

with Peak Heat Demand Values
Considering Each Route in the Network

Max Pressure Gradient Method
Optimization
SF for 165
DETERMINATION OF DIMENSIONING METHOD
RQ1
ISI-1
PRESSURE GRADIENT METHOD
CRITICAL ROUTE (THE RULE-OF-THUMB)

1,617
1,617
1,617
1,617
1,617
1,617
1,617
1,617
Pressure Gradient in Pa/m
RQ1
ISI-1
PRESSURE GRADIENT METHOD

MULTI ROUTE
1,617
2,491
3,388
4,643
2,141
2,563
3,520
4,651
Pressure Gradient in Pa/m
RQ1
ISI-1
OPTIMIZATION METHOD
8 bar
Nonlinear Constraint Function Optimization

8 bar
8 bar
8 bar
Decision Variables:
Pipe Diameters
Objective Function:
Min Heat Loss from DH Network
8 bar
Constraint Functions:
Max Allowable Pressure Loss
in each Route (8 bar)
8 bar
8 bar
8 bar
RQ1
ISI-1
COMPARISON (DIMENSIONING METHODS)
-%3
-%14
Reduction in Heat Loss

SUBSTATION TYPE & BOOSTER PUMPS
RQ1
ISI-1
ISI-2
BOOSTER PUMP
Booster Pumps
Main Pump Station
RQ1
ISI-1
ISI-2
COMPARISON (SUBSTATION TYPES&BOOSTER PUMP)

Same optimization method applied to all.
Without Booster Pump
-%3
Reduction in Heat Loss
-%7
SUMMER CONDITION
RQ1
ISI-1
ISI-2
SUMMER COND. IN BRANCHED NETWORK

By-Pass in End-Users
RQ1
ISI-1
ISI-2
SUMMER COND. IN LOOPED NETWORK
RQ1
ISI-1
ISI-2
DYNAMIC SIMULATION
Scenarios with Various Level of Heat Consumption
For 25, 50, 75% existance of consumers at the DH network
RQ1
ISI-1
ISI-2
UNSATISFIED NODES (For 25% Existance Ratio)
Heat loss is higher in looped network than branched network with by-pass valves.
MAXIMUM STATIC DESIGN PRESSURE
RQ1
N-ISI
EFFECT OF STATIC PRESSURE
RQ1
N-ISI
COMPARISON (MAXIMUM STATIC PRESSURE)
Maximum Static Pressure Limit (>10 bara)

AluFlex cannot be used!
RQ1
N-ISI
EFFECT OF STATIC PRESSURE ON OVERALL COST
Following the Presentation Content
Literature Review
Aim and Hypothesis

Purpose and Scope
Conclusions
Further Studies
RQ2
ISI-3
REPLACING OLD HEATING SYSTEM
Natural Gas Heating System

or
High Temperature District Heating

Low-Energy District
Heating System
RQ2
ISI-3
SITE DESCRIPTION
DETACHED SINGLE FAMILY HOUSES
Number of Houses
780
Heat Demand [kW]
Heat Demand Type
CS
FS
Space Heating
5.1
2.9
Domestic Hot Water

Total=
3.0
8.1
3.0
5.9
PIPE TYPE (CLASS I)
AluFlex Twin Pipe
: DN14 DN32
Steel Twin Pipe
: DN32 DN80
Single Pipe
: DN100 DN200
LOW-ENERGY DISTRICT HEATING NETWORK
Max Static Pressure
: 10 bar
Max Pressure Drop
: 8 bar
Total Length of Network : 9.3 km
RQ2
ISI-3
SUBSTATION & IN-HOUSE INSTALLATION

Substation
Existing Radiator System (CS)

Nominal Capacity: 9 kW
Heat Supply
Storage Tank
(120 liter)
Space Heating
Current Heat Demand: 5.1 kW
Domestic Hot
Water
After Renovation (FS)

3 kW Space Heating
3 kW Domestic Hot Water
RQ2
ISI-3
OPERATIONAL PHILOSOPHY:
BOOSTING SUPPLY TEMPERATURE
Current Situation (Buildings without renovation)

Future Situation (All buildings renovated)
RQ2
ISI-3
EFFECT OF BOOST OF SUPPLY TEMPERATURE
RQ2
ISI-3
COMPARISON (BOOST OF SUPPLY TEMPERATURE)
Without Boosting
With Boosting
40% of Pipe Investment Cost can be saved

with boosting supply temperature in peak periods
Literature Review
Aim and Hypothesis

Purpose and Scope
Conclusions
Further Studies
RQ3
BCs
OPTIMIZATION OF RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES
c
Ele
it
tric
ri d
ict
yG
st r
Di
oli
Co
ng
rg
ne
-E
w
Lo
i
yD
ict
str
n
ati
He
Differing Monthly Demands
Poly-Generation Energy Sources

With Different Monthly Production Property
RQ3
BCs
INVOLVED ENERGY PRODUCTION SYSTEMS
Electricity Supply
Heat Supply
Cooling Supply
Electricity Input
Heat Input
RQ3
BCs
A FRUITFUL OUTPUT: AS INPUT

Economy of Scale
O&M
Salvage Cost
RQ3
BCs
Various Optimal Solutions for GCA

Diversity of the RE
sources involved when
note is taken of the
security of supply
RQ3
BCs
Production of Energy Types (GCA)
RQ3
BCs
Optimal Solution for GTA
RQ3
BCs
Production of Energy Types (GTA)
Literature Review
Aim and Hypothesis

Purpose and Scope
Conclusions
Further Studies
MAJOR CONCLUSIONS
Employing of the methods in different case studies, and analysis of their
results led to various conclusions regarding how to design low-energy
district heating systems and how to determine the capacities of renewable
energy sources, all solution to the hypothesis.
The prevailing use of low-energy district heating systems can be seen as
being able to provide a win-win-solution to energy needs through
locally available and renewable or low-grade energy sources being used
to supply the energy for low-energy houses.
Vast various renewable energy sources with their ease to produce hot
water with several available technologies guarantee the security of
supply when a mixture of heat production from several energy sources is
considered.
MAJOR CONCLUSIONS
Using simultaneity factors in determination of the heat load in each pipe segment
prevents overestimates of the heat load; Hence: heat loss and pipe investment
cost.
Once the pressure loss of the critical route is satisfied by the head lift
provided by the main pump station, the pressure losses of the other routes can be
up to the level of the pressure loss of the critical route.
Booster pumps can be useful by providing shorter sequences of head lift potential
to be considered as the upper limit for the routes of the network with the
optimization method.
Bypass valves in the end-nodes of a branched network may be best in sparselypopulated districts while a looped layout is best in densely-populated-districts.
Boosting of the supply temperature during peak periods can be considered as
applicable in two cases in particular, (i) the one being during the transition period of
the heat infrastructure schemes involved, where a replacement of the existing
region-wide heating systems present by low-energy district heating systems is
planned, and (ii) the other being to use it as the operational strategy of choice for
low-energy district heating systems.
The control philosophy of boosting the supply temperature in short-lasting peak
periods in the design stage avoids pipe dimensions that can be infered as overdimensioned with regard to the future condition (Low-energy conversion in existing
buildings there).
MAJOR CONCLUSIONS
The economic parameters, in the PhD thesis took account of the specific
investment costs considered, together with the economy-of-scale, the
lifetime, operating and maintenance cost, and salvage value, all of
which has to be considered in economic analysis of an energy
conversion system.
The improvements in efficiency with use of multi-generation systems
brought the need of including other energy forms in the analysis, such as
those of electricity and of cooling.
The long-term energy storage systems that borehole systems represent
can be utilized for recuperating the leftover heat produced during the
summer period due to the extreme availability of such sources as
renewable energy.
There is a month-to-month variation in the energy production of various
energy conversion systems: this has to be involved in the optimization
method.
Literature Review
Aim and Hypothesis

Purpose and Scope
Conclusions
Further Studies
FURTHER STUDIES
One can investigate complex network structures involving both branched
and looped network layouts together.
Simultaneity measures are needed for various heat consumption
behaviours.
One can investigate using of boosting supply temperature for highheat-demanding consumers (such as hospitals etc.) in low-energy district
heating systems.
Designing new low-energy district heating systems for existing
housing area could be expanded further to include other indoor heating
systems, such as floor heating systems and various layouts for indoor
heating systems, installed in the existing house architecture.
Thermal storage on a medium-scale level (as compared with longterm energy options) could be a topic of investigation of interest.
The decision support tool can be expanded to a broader scope with
including further types of renewable sources, involving multi-input&multioutput polygeneration systems, and including thermal storage on a
medium scale.
THANK YOU!

Low Temperature District Heating Systems - PHD Defence - Hakan İbrahim Tol

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District Heating in Areas with Low Energy

Hakan brahim Tol

Aim and Hypothesis

Allocated time: 45 minutes

FOLLOWING THE CONTENT

Aim and Hypothesis

DTU Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark

PREVIOUS REDUCTIONS OF TEMPERATURE

DTU Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark

DTU Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark

Substations (Differing in domestic hot water production)

DTU Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark

SSE Greenwatt Way Development, UK

Air Source Heat Pump,

DTU Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark

Krehir District Heating, Trkiye

DTU Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark

ADVANTAGES OF LOW-TEMPERATURE OPERATION

DTU Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark

REDUCTION IN HEAT LOSS

DTU Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark

INCREASE OF EFFICIENCY OF EXISTING SOURCES &

LOW-GRADE HEAT SOURCES

DTU Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark

IMPROVED INDOOR AIR QUALITY

DTU Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark

FOLLOWING THE CONTENT

Aim and Hypothesis

DTU Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark

The Major Aim

DTU Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark

FOLLOWING THE CONTENT

Aim and Hypothesis

DTU Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark

Purpose and Scope

DTU Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark

CONNECTION OF RESEARCH QUESTIONS

DTU Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark

FOLLOWING THE CONTENT

Aim and Hypothesis

DTU Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark

DTU Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark

DTU Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark

FOLLOWING THE CONTENT

Aim and Hypothesis

DTU Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark

DETERMINATION OF HEAT LOAD ON PIPES

DTU Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark

NEW LOW ENERGY DH SYSTEM

Max Allowable Pressure Drop

DTU Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark

Total Length of Network

Pipe Type (Class I)

Steel Twin Pipe

DH NETWORK = NODE & PIPE SEGMENTS

DTU Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark

DETERMINATION of HEAT LOAD

Simultaneity Factor in each Segment

Considering Each Route in the Network

DTU Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark

DETERMINATION OF DIMENSIONING METHOD

DTU Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark

PRESSURE GRADIENT METHOD