Mrs.

Wylie
EssentialsofChemistry

Chapter1
TheScience
ofChemistry

1.1WhatisChemistry?
Chemical:anysubstancethathasadefined
composition
NaturalExamples:water,sugar,salt
SyntheticExamples:plastic,detergent,gas

ChemicalReactionsHappenAll
AroundYou
Chemicalreaction:theprocessbywhich
oneormoresubstanceschangetoproduce
oneormoredifferentsubstances
Example:
H2+O2H2O

PhysicalStatesofMatter
Statesofmatter:thephysicalformsofmatter,which
aresolid,liquid,gasorplasma
Solid:particlesareinarigidstructureandvibratein
place(ex:ice)
Liquid:particlesareclosetogetherandslidepastone
another(ex:water)
Gas:particlesmoverandomlyoverlargedistances
(ex:steam)
Plasma:particlesarebrokenapartandarecharged
(ex:sun)

PhysicalStatesofMatter

ChangesofMatter
PhysicalChanges:
changesinwhichthe
identityofthe
substancedoesnt
change

ChemicalChanges:
changesinwhichthe
identitiesofthe
substanceschangeand
newsubstancesform

ChemicalChanges
Reactants:thesubstancesontheleftsideof
thearrow;asubstanceormoleculethat
participatesinachemicalreaction
Product:thesubstancesontherightsideof
thearrow;asubstancethatformsina
chemicalreaction

EvidenceofChemicalChange
1.Evolutionofagas(bubbles)
2.Formationofaprecipitate(solids)
3.TheReleaseorAbsorptionofEnergy
(light,heat)
4.ColorChange(whitetoyellow)

1.2DescribingMatter
Matter:anythingthathasmassandvolume
Examples:water,carbondioxide,air,salt,
atree,you!
NONexamples:light,time,motion,anidea
Volume:thespacetheobjectoccupies
Mass:thequantityofmattercontainedin
thatobject

MassisNOTWeight
Weight:theforceproducedbygravity
actingonmass
Anastronautweighs6xmoreonearththan
she/hedoesonthemoonduetotheeffectof
gravity.However,themassdoesntchange.

UnitsofMeasurement
Quantity:somethingthathasmagnitude,
sizeoramount(i.e.anumbertodescribeit)
Unit:aquantityadoptedasastandardof
measurement(i.e.alabelusedtodescribea
number)
Example:
2.5meters Unit
Quantity

ScientistsExpressMeasurements
inSIUnits

SIPrefixes

ConvertingOneUnit
toAnotherUnit

DerivedUnits
DerivedUnitsareunitsthatarecalculated
byeithermultiplyingordividing.
Examples:Speedisaderivedunitof
distancedividedbytime,suchas25mi/hr.
Areaofrectangleisthelengthmultipliedby
thewidth,suchas1.5m2(metersxmeters.)

PropertiesofMatter
PhysicalProperties: ChemicalProperties:
apropertythatcanbe
apropertyofmatter
determinedwithout
thatdescribesa
changingthenatureof
substancesabilityto
thesubstance
participateinchemical
reactions

DensityistheRatioofMassto
Volume
Density:theratioofthemassofasubstance
tothevolumeofthesubstance;often
expressedasgramspercubiccentimeter
(g/cm3)forsolidsandliquids,andasgrams
perliter(g/L)forgases
Density=mass
D=m/V
volume

1.3HowisMatterClassified?
Puresubstance:asampleofmatter,eithera
singleelementorasinglecompound,that
hasdefinitechemicalandphysical
properties
Puresubstances=elementsorcompounds

PureSubstances
Elements:asubstancethatcannotbe
separatedorbrokendownintosimpler
substancesbychemicalmeans;allatomsof
anelementhavethesameatomicnumber
Compounds:asubstancemadeupofatoms
oftwoormoredifferentelementsjoinedby
chemicalbonds

Atomsvs.Molecules
Atom:thesmallestunitofanelementthat
maintainsthepropertiesofthatelement
Molecule:thesmallestunitofasubstance
thatkeepsallofthephysicalandchemical
propertiesofthatsubstance;itcanconsist
ofoneatomortwoormoreatomsbonded
together
Atom:Element&Molecule:Compound

Mixtures
Mixture:acombinationoftwoormore
substancesthatarenotchemically
combined
Homogeneous:describessomethingthat
hasauniformstructureorcomposition
throughout
Heterogeneous:composedofdissimiliar
components