PRONUNCIATION

ENGLISH
DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF LETTERS
GUNADARMA UNIVERSITY

PRONUNCIATION
The act of producing the sounds of speech,
including articulation, stress, and
intonation, often with reference to some
standard of correctness.

PHONETICS
Phonetics deals with the production of
speech sounds (bunyi ujaran) by humans
using speech organs (organ bicara).
Speech sounds: 1)vowels, 2)consonants.
(vowels: diphthongs, triphthongs)
Phonology is about patterns of sounds.

English Consonants in IPA

(International Phonetic Alphabet)
[p]

pill

[t]

till

[k]

kill

[b]

bill

[d]

dill

[g]

gill

[m]

mill

[n]

nil

[]

ring

[f]

feel

[s]

seal

[h]

heal

[v]

veal

[z]

zeal

[l]

leaf

[]

thigh

[t t]

chill

[r]

reef

[]

thy

[]

Jill

[j]

you

[]

shy

[]

which

[w]

witch

[]

measure

SPEECH ORGAN:

SPEECH ORGAN:

TABLE OF CONSONANTS:

ENGLISH CONSONANTS:
p - pip, pot
b - bat, bug
t - tell, table
d - dog, dig
k - cat, key
g - get, gum
f - fish, phone
v - van, vat
- thick, thump, faith
- these, there, smooth

ENGLISH CONSONANTS:
s - sat, sit
z - zebra, zap
- ship
- treasure, leisure
h - hop, hut
t - chip
d - lodge, judge
m - man, mummy
n - man, pan
- sing, wrong
l - let, lips
r - rub, ran
w - wait, worm
j - yet, yacht

VOWEL DIAGRAM:
Front

Central

High

Mid

Low

Back

i:
:

u:

ENGLISH VOWELS:
(SHORT)

- bit, silly
- bet, head
- cat, dad
- dog, rotten
- cut, nut
- put, soot
- about, clever

ENGLISH VOWELS:
(LONG)
i: - cream, seen
- burn, firm (also shown as : ) )
- hard, far
- corn, faun
u: - boob, glue

DIPHTHONGS:
a - spice, pie
- wait, fate
- toy, joy
- oats, note
a - clown, vow
- bored, poured
- deer, pier
- hair, bear
- cure, fuel

[-z] or [-s]

Bananas

Grapes

Lemons

Cookies

Cakes

Tarts

Potatoes

Carrots

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

[-z]
[-s]
[-z]
[-z]
[-s]
[-s]
[-z]
[-s]

[-d], [-t], or [-id]

Studied

1. [-d]

Kicked

2. [-t]

Eliminated

3. [-id]

Erased

4. [-d]

Looked

5. [-t]

Typed

6. [-t]

Measured

7. [-d]

Surrounded

8. [-id]

SEGMENTAL AND SUPRASEGMENTAL

SOUNDS
Ramelan(2004:22) classifies sounds into
segmental and suprasegmentals . He classifies
segmental, which refer to sound units arranged
in a sequential order, the example above has
nine segmental feature, phonetically transcribed
in the following way /gud-hvnz/.
He classifies suprasegmentals, which refer to
such features as stress, pitch, length intonation,
and other features that always accompany the
production of segmental.

 (Jones,2002:11) classifies sounds into

vowels and consonants. He includes
diphthongs in the vowel class. He
considers length, rhythm, stress and
intonation as suprasegmental sounds.

Vowels
According to Jones(2002:12) vowel is when the
tongue takes up a vowel position, a resonance
chamber is formed which modified the quality of
produce by the voice, and give rise to a distinct
quality or timber. He defines a vowel (in normal
speech) as a voiced sound in forming which the
air issues in a continuous stream through the
pharynx and mouth, there being a narrowing
such as would cause audible friction.
According to the position of the highest point of
the tongue, vowels can be classified into front
vowels, central vowels, and back vowels.

Consonants
Consonant may be classified into voice
consonant and voiceless consonant. A
voiced consonant is a sound produced
when the vocal cords are vibrating. While,
voiceless consonants is a sound made with
no vibration of the vocal cord (Dale and
Poem, 2005:116).

CONSONANTS
According to Baker (2005:24) consonant is
a sound, voiced and voiceless, in which
the air stream is obstructed through a
narrowing or complete closure of the
mouth passage in the other words.
The sound of a consonant depends on
whether or not the vocal cords vibrate,
where and how it is formed.

Diphthongs
Jones (2002: 22) says diphthong is when the sound is
made by gliding from one vowel position to another.
Diphthongs are represented phonetically by sequences of
two letters, the first showing the starting point and the
second indicating the direction of movement. He defines a
diphthong as an independent vowel-glide not containing
within itself either a peak or trough of prominence.
What is meant by vowel glide is that speech-organs start
in the position of one vowel and move in the direction of
another vowel.
What is mean by independent is that the glide is
expressly made, and is not merely unavoidable
concomitant of sounds preceding and following.
Diphthongs are classified into three, namely raising/
closing diphthong, falling students and centring
diphthongs.

Suprasegmental Sounds
1) Length Rhythm
The length or quality of a sound is the length of
time during which it is held on continuously in a
given word or phrase (Jones,2002 : 232).
Rhythm is represented by means of musical
notation.
The term lenght refers to the period of time
during which a sound is produced in a given
utterance (Ramelan,2004:29)

2) Stress
Stress is the degree of force with which a
sound or syllable is uttered
(Jones,1987:245). Stress [ ], moderate
stress (no symbol ),and weak stress [ , ],
for example in the word unimportant
[ n,Imp:tn ].

 Ramelan(2004:25) states that stress meant the

degree of force or loudness with which a syllable
is pronounced so as to give it prominence. He
said there three degrees of stress can be
observed in English:
1) Strong or primary stress
2) Medium or secondary stress
3) Weak stress

3) Intonation
According to Ramelan(2004:32)intonation
may also be called the melody of speech.
The proper use of intonation is very
important since it makes speech more
lively and interesting to the
hearer.Intonation is divided into at least
two kinds namely : rising intonation and
falling intonation.

English Vowels in IPA

(International Phonetic Alphabet)

[i] [i:]

beet

[I]

bit

[e] [ei]

bait

[][e]

bet

[u] [u:]

boot

[ ]

foot

[o] [ou] [u]

boat

[] [] [:]

bore

[]

bat

[a][] []

pot

[]

butt

[]

ahead

[aj] [ai]

bite

[aw] [au]

bout

[:]

bird

[j] [i]

Boy

[a:]

father

English Diphthongs
[ei] make, day
[ou] [u] low, so
[ai] like, height
[i] enjoy, boy
[au] house, cow
[i] fear, cheer
[u] cure, tour
[] [e] share, hair
[] [:] more, shore

English Triphthongs

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

[ai] liar, fire

[u] mower, lower
[ei] player, layer
[au] power, hour
[i ] loyal, royal

Write the Phonetic Symbols of the

Following Words
1. Utterance

8. Thorough

2. Method

9. Severe

3. Examine

10. Say - Said

4. Determine

11. Bush

5. Literature

12. Plumber

6. Clause

13. Debt

7. Because

14. Doubtful

15. Climbing

24. Honourable

16. Serious

25. Honest

17. Series

26. Tongue

18. Theme

27. Phonology

19. Height

28. Stomach

20. Convey

29. Charles

21. Law - Low

30. Symbol

22. Procedure

31. Saw

23. Present (v)

32. Awful

33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.

Poem
Written
Author
Novel
Tone
Phase Face
Service
Massage
Message
41. Naughty

42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.

Colleague
Thought
Taught
Analysis
Bathe
Raise - Rise
Perfect (adj)
Morpheme

50. Focus

51. Signature

59. dessert

52. Failure

60. unity

53. Rouge

61. diversity

54. Separate

62. technology

55. Value

63. culture

56. Cuisine

64. course

57. Suicide

65. source

58. Legal

66. atmosphere

68. Occur

75. unity

69. Written

76. opposite

70. Audience

77. hyponym

71. Semantics

78. cause

72. Oxford

79. change

73. Acquire

80. choir

74. period

 81. ask act

82. suitable
83. ninth
84. develop - development
85. Ralph
86. receipt
87. recipe
88. Psychology

89. linked

97. washes

90. opted 98. boxes

91. fixed

106. fined

99. eyes

92. rained

107. faced

100. shapes

93. segmented

105. sliced

108. baked

101. suffixes

109. clauses

94. ended

102. branches

110. prefixes

95. dialed

103. bridges

111. saves

96. watched

104. ages

112. cooked

THANK YOU