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O
I
S
S
E
R
P
VAPOUR COM
HEAT PUMPS
RD YEAR
3
S
IE
D
U
T
S
Y
G
ER
EN
NICK BENNET
NOOR SHIEELA
CONTENTS
Review of the vapour compression cycle and its application to
heat pumps
Performance metrics heat pump CoP, SEER, SPF
Working fluids
Heat sources and their influence on performance
Applications
Defrosting
REVERSING CYCLE
3, qc
2
CONDENSER
4
EVAPORATOR
qe
wc
Scroll
compressor
COP
Performa
nce
metric
SPF
Seasonal
Performance
Factor
SEER
( Seasonal
energy
efficiency
ratio )
ENERGY BALANCE
qc mr (h3 h4 )
qe mr (h2 h1 )
wc mr (h3 h2 )
COEFFICIENT OF PERFORMANCE
Practical cycle, for a heat pump:
CoP qc / wc qc / ( qc qe ) ( h3 h4 ) / ( h3 h2 )
Note:
CoPRefrigerator qe / wc ( qc wc ) / wc ( qc / wc ) 1 CoPHeatPump 1
That is: CoPHeatPump CoPRefrigerator 1
Anticipating a reverse Carnot cycle:
CoPCarnot Tc / (Tc Te )
CoP is a theoretical term usually associated with instantaneous and/or rated heat
pump performance
The SEER is the heating energy delivered by the heat pump divided by the
electrical energy consumed by the heat pump over a full period of normal
operation as defined by ARI and Eurovent standards
Thus variations in performance at part-load are accounted for
The precise definition of the SEER can be adjusted so that the electrical energy
used by ancillaries can be included (i.e. direct electrical top-up heating,
source/sink fans/pumps)
Note that different definitions of the SEER are used in the USA and Europe the
latter is often termed ESEER to be specific
Another term the seasonal performance factor, SPF, is also sometimes used;
whereas the SEER, ESEER are mainly to be found among manufacturers
catalogue data because they relate to defined standards, the SPF tends to be
related to measured heat pump performance in service
SPF
SEASONAL PERFORMANCE
FACTOR
For HEATING
to
measure
the
air source heat pumps
efficiency
of
WORKING FLUIDS
HFC-based (organic):
Inorganic types:
R134a
R407C
R410A
Comment:
These are the common
organic types zero ODP
but powerful greenhouse
gases
REVERSING CYCLE
Condenser
HtgR
ChwR
Evaporator
HtgF
ChwF
Source
Evaporator
HtgR
ChwR
Condenser
REFRIGERATION MODE
HtgF ChwF
Sink
SPLIT SYSTEM
For homes without
ducts, air-source heat
pumps are also
available in a ductless
version called a
mini-split heat pump.
Wastewater:
temperatures can be
higher and more stable
than ambient air
good heat transfer
limited availability
extraction difficulties
may need treatment
higher source
temperatures
good heat transfer
easy to utilise
limited availability
will need treatment
Earth:
COIL INSTALLATION
6m-deep slinky
horizontal loop
1m-deep slinky
control loop
A GROUND SOURCE HEAT PUMP IS THE MOST EFFICIENT WAY TO HEAT YOUR HOME.
TYPICALLY A GROUND LOOP IS BURIED IN THE GROUND OR GROUND WATER IS USED TO
HEAT YOUR HOME AND PRE HEAT YOUR HOT WATER.
SOURCE : (WWW.MIDSTATEELECTRIC)
The lowest
(SOURCE : HTTP://WWW.ENERGYSAVINGTRUST.ORG.UK )
SAVING FACT!
These are the savings
you might make every
year when replacing an
existing heating system
in an average fourbedroom detached home
with an average ground
source heat pump
installation
Source : energysavingtrust
AIR-SOURCE HP - PERFORMANCE
3
2.8
CoP
2.6
2.4
2.2
Defrost excluded
Defrost included
2
1.8
2
6
8
10
12
External air temperature (dg C)
14
16
EFFECT OF DEFROSTING
10
kW
-5
-10
0
Time (minutes)
DEFROSTING METHODS
Reverse cycling (as depicted on previous slide) involves
periodic operational interruptions
Hot gas bypass (hot gas is bled from compressor discharge
to evaporator inlet) involves periodically disturbs normal
operation but can take longer to defrost
Direct resistance trace heating elements on the evaporator
coil (involves no disturbance but can be costly and add to
carbon emission)
Temperature differential:
Evaporator pressure:
ESTABLISHED APPLICATIONS
Heating:
MORE APPLICATIONS
Dehumidification:
Heat Reclaim:
warehouse humidity
control (e.g. munitions, art
archives)
condensation control (e.g.
swimming pool halls)
process drying (timber,
malt, pottery)
PRACTICAL OPERATING
LIMITATIONS
Condensing gas temperatures at >90oC leads to oil carbon
deposition around inlet/outlet ports
Typical condenser outlet coolant limited to 50-55 oC (single stage)
Oil/refrigerant miscibility (lubrication adversely affected when
oil diluted with 8-10% refrigerant)
Foaming/slugging after idle periods or defrosting following
refrigerant migration to crankcase
Major R & D effort on oil-free compressors (e.g. levitating
magnetic bearing drives)
GOOD LINK
http://energy.gov/energysaver/heat-pumpsystems