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Partitioning Chromatography
Analyte interacts with mobile and
stationary phase, differential interaction
leads to selectivity
Interactions that are important
Proton accepting ability * most important
Dipole interaction
Proton Donor * most important
e- pair donating ability
Van der Waals dispersion forces
Types of Partitioning
Chromatography
Normal Phase
Stationary phase: Polar
with short carbon
chains
Mobile phase: Non-polar
such as hexane
Polar things are retained
on column
Applications: oil soluble
vitamins, nitrophenols
Example
Stationary
Phase
Types of Partitioning
Chromatography
REVERSE PHASE
More common
Solvophobic Theory
Water has a lot of intermolecular interactions in the liquid
phase
Solute dissolved in water disrupts those intermolecular
interactions
Solute is forced out of aqueous phase not because of
favorable interactions between analyte and stationary
phase but because of unfavorable interactions between
solute and water when solute is dissolved in aqueous
phase hence: SOLVOPHOBIC THEORY
Polar functional groups such as OH would increase the
favorability of interaction and thus decrease retention (in
mobile phase longer)
Polar things elute
non-polar things elute
Sample
Column Mobile
Packing phase
C-18
C-8
C-2
Summary
Phase/ Mode
Reverse phase
Normal phase
Ion Exchange
Size Exclusion
Chiral
Hydrophobic
% Use
50.6
24.1
14.1
6.6
3.5
1.1
Supercritical Fluids
Viscosity Diffusion
(poise
coefficient
10-4)
(cm2/sec)
Gas
liquid
30 -240
0.8 1.0
Fluid
Dipole
mome
nt
Tc(oC)
CO2
31.3
72.9
0.47
0.96
N2O
0.51
36.5
72.5
0.45
0.94
NH3
1.65
132.5
112.5
0.24
0.40
N-C5
196.6
33.3
0.23
0.51
N-C4
152.0
37.5
0.23
0.50
SF6
45.5
37.1
0.74
1.61
Xe
0
CCl2F2 0.17
16.6
111.8
58.4
40.7
1.10
0.56
2.30
1.12
CHF3
25.9
46.9
0.52
1.47
Disadvantages
1. Method development
is more complex
2. Limited # of mobile
phases
3. Capital equipment &
CO2 expensive
4. Requires more
operator time to do 1
at time