WATER

The earth is so blessed with water resources that it is called the

`WATER PLANET. But a mere 2.5% of the earth`s water is fresh
Water usable by human beings; the remaining 97.5% is Sea water.
Now a days due to increase in population & industries, demand of
Water has been increased rapidly.
Pollution is also increases. Due to lack of water resource, Human
Beings find new technology, called ` Reverse Osmosis

Reverse
Osmosis

Technical
Presentation

Reverse Osmosis Terminology

Principles of Reverse Osmosis
Types of R O Membranes
Membrane Configurations

Typical Applications
of
Reverse Osmosis

Industrial process water

Production of potable
water
Food processing
Waste treatment

Principles of
Reverse
Osmosis

Osmosi
s

Dilute
Solution

semi-permeable
membrane

Concentrated
Solution

The spontaneous flow of water from a dilute

solution to a concentrated solution, when the
solutions are separated by a semipermeable
membrane.

Osmotic
Pressure
Dilute
Solution

Concentrated
Solution

P =
The pressure that must be applied to
a concentrated solution to prevent
osmosis.

Reverse
Osmosis
Dilute
Solution

Concentrated
Solution

P>
Reversing osmotic flow by
applying a pressure in excess of the
osmotic pressure

Three Cases of
Osmosis
P

osmosis

1 < 2

equilibrium
P =

reverse osmosis
P >

Factors Influencing Permeation Rates

of Dissolved Materials

Greatest Influence: Electrical Charge

Moderate Influence: Molecular Weight
Slight Influence: Molecular Structure

FEED WATER LIMITING

CONDITIONS
Oxidizing

Agents like chlorine - Nil

COD & BOD with in limit.
OIL & GREACE NIL
SDI LESS THAN 5.
pH range 3 to 11
Turbudity less than 1 NTU

Permeation Rates of Other

Dissolved Species

Dissolved Gases pass freely through the

membrane.

Many Dissolved Organics are weak acids. Their

rate of permeation will depend not only on their

molecular weight and structure but on their degree
of ionization.
HX
H+ + X-

Permeation Rates
of
Weak Acids

Weak acids are those acids that do not become

completely ionized in water. Included in this
group of acids are chromic, boric and many
organic acids.
H2CrO4

H+ + HCrO4-

HCrO4-

H+ + CrO4- -

H3BO3

H+ + H2BO3-

Reverse
Osmosis
Terminology
PRODUCT

FEED

REJECT
RECOVERY = PRODUCT FLOW / FEED FLOW
SALT PASSAGE = PRODUCT TDS / FEED TDS
SALT REJECTION = 100 SALT PASSAGE IN %

Reverse
Osmosis
Terminology
PRODUCT

FEED
PRESSURE

REJECT PRESSURE

P = FEED PRESSURE REJCT PRESSURE

REVERSE OSMOSIS

System has divided into three parts.

PRE-TREATMENT
R.O. SYSTEM
POST TREATMENT

Reverse osmosis system

Cleaning tank
Pump (SS)

Pretreatment
Cartridge filter
Dosing system
De-chlorination
Filteration
Coagulation
Clarification

Cartridge filter

RO hydra
block
Membrances
Pressure tubes
HP pumps
Control pannel

Cleaning
system

DM plant
pH adjustment
Degassification

Post
treanment

Schematic diagram of RO unit for waste water

Activated
carbon filter
Coagulation,
sedimentation,
Chlorination

Sand
filter

DESALATION
Product SECTION
Membrane modules
water

Waste
brine

Dechlori Anti
nation.
scale

High pressure
pump

Cartridge
filter

Block Diagram of RO
ME
MB
RA
NE

SALT
WATER

HIGH
PRESSURE
PUMP

REJECT
WATER
(CONCENTRATE)

PRODUCT
WATER
(PERMEATE )

RO System components
The basic expanded design of a single system
includes the following:

Raw water feed pump to supply water to the p

treatment

Pre treatment system for Turbidity,TSS,Colloida

particles & Organic matter.

Cartridge filter to remove micron size particle to

control the SDI( Silt density index) of feed wate
q

Anti scalant dosing system.

High pressure pump&feed control valve to
pressurize the feed water.
q

Membranes housed in Pressure tubes.

reject control valve to control the recovery of the

RO system.
A

skid to mount to all mechanical equipment .

Flowindicators

to measure permeate and reject flow

rates.
Pressure
gauges

for monitoring the differential

pressures across the RO feed, reject and intermediate
stages.
Conductivity
&

pH meter for measuring the quality of

the permeate water.
And other

necessary instruments for monitoring easy

operation and critical parameters.
A

cleaning system consisting of Tank,CF,Pump and

necessary instruments.

Recovery Rate

Ratio of permeate flow to feed flow

Expressed as %
Recovery = (permeate flow/feed flo
* 100

Role of Pretreatment in RO

To reduce particulates & improve SDI.

Clarification / Filtration.
Polymer/coagulant addition.
Micro-filtration.

Minimize Scaling &fouling.

Softening.
Acid & anti scalant addition.
Anti scalant addition.

Chlorine Removal.
Carbon Filtration.
Bisulfite Addition.

Role of Pretreatment in RO

Minimize Silica Scaling.

Antiscalant addition.
Softening & pH control.
Turbocirculator.

Controlling Organic.
Dissolved Organic.
Colloidal Orgabic.

Role of Pretreatment in RO
Silt Density

Index : It is the seco

parameter used to determine collo
quantity of the RO Feed water. A test is r
to determine the rate of the pluggage o
0.45 micron filter at 30 psig for 15 minu
This test consists of determining amoun
time it takes to collect a 500 ml sample at the
start of the 15 minutes test and compar
this time to the amount of time it take
collect a 500 ml sample at the end of the
minutes.

Cross section of
Spiral Wound Membrane
Permeate Tube

Membrane Backing
O Ring

Mesh Spacer
Permeate Carrier
Membrane

Outer Cover

Membrane Assembly

Reverse Osmosis
Membranes Types

Cellulose Acetate
Thin Film Composite
Polysulfones

Thin Film Composite

Membrane Characteristics

Lower Operating
Pressure
High Salt Rejection
Available for Sea
Water
Stable to pH 11
Sensitive to Oxidants

Operating Parameters
Feed

Pressure
Concentration
pH
Temperature

Permeate

Concentration
Flow
Pressure

Concentrate

Flow
Pressure
Concentration

INSTRUMENTATION
Instruments used in RO System
PH
Conductivity Meter
Rotameter
Pressure Gauges

* ORP
* Level Switches
* Pressure Switches
* Electrical Control

Fouling
There are Six main causes of membrane
Fouling.
Scaling by hardness salts.
Scaling by Silica.
Fouling by Metal Oxides.
Plugging by suspended solids.
Biological Fouling.

Scaling

The deposition of sparingly soluble salts onto

the
membrane surface and/or the feed channel
material.
Scaling occurs primarily in the
downstream elements because of the
higher concentrations existing in this
portion of the RO system.
Common scalants include calcium sulfate
silica and calcium carbonate.