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Methods of
Analysis
H.H
Methods of Analysis
Methods of Analysis
Introduction
Nodal analysis
Nodal analysis with voltage source
Mesh analysis
Mesh analysis with current source
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Methods of Analysis
Figure 3.1
Common symbols for indicating a reference node,
(a) common ground, (b) ground, (c) chassis.
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Figure 3.2
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I1 I 2 i1 i2
I 2 i2 i3
vhigher vlower
i
R
v1 0
i1
or i1 G1v1
R1
v1 v2
i2
or i2 G2 (v1 v2 )
R2
v2 0
i3
or i3 G3v2
R3
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v1 v1 v2
I1 I 2
R1
R2
v1 v2 v2
I2
R2
R3
I1 I 2 G1v1 G2 (v1 v2 )
I 2 G2 (v1 v2 ) G3v2
G1 G2
G2
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G2
G2 G3
v1 I1 I 2
v2 I 2
7
Example 3.1
Calculus the node voltage in the
circuit shown in Fig. 3.3(a)
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Example 3.1
At node 1
i1 i2 i3
v1 v2 v1 0
5
4
2
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Example 3.1
At node 2
i2 i4 i1 i5
v2 v1 v2 0
5
4
6
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Example 3.1
In matrix form:
1 1
2 4
1
4
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1
4
1 1
6 4
v1 5
v 5
2
11
Fig 3.4
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Example 3.2
Determine the voltage at the nodes
in Fig. 3.5(a)
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Example 3.2
At node 1,
3 i1 ix
v1 v3 v1 v2
3
4
2
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Example 3.2
At node 2
ix i2 i3
v1 v2 v2 v3 v2 0
2
8
4
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Example 3.2
At node 3
i1 i2 2ix
v1 v3 v2 v3 2(v1 v2 )
4
8
2
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Example 3.2
In matrix form:
3
4
1
2
3
4
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2
7
8
9
1
4
1
8
3
8
v1
v
2
v3
17
3.3
18
i1 i4 i2 i3
v1 v2 v1 v3 v2 0 v3 0
2
4
8
6
v2 v3 5
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.
A supernode is formed by enclosing a
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Example 3.3
For the circuit shown in Fig. 3.9, find
the node voltages.
2 7 i1 i 2 0
v v
27 1 2 0
2 4
v1 v2 2
i1
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i2
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Example 3.4
Find the node voltages in the circuit of Fig. 3.12.
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Example 3.4
At suopernode 1-2,
v3 v2
v1 v4 v1
10
6
3
2
v1 v2 20
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Example 3.4
At supernode 3-4,
v1 v4 v3 v2 v4 v3
3
6
1 4
v3 v4 3(v1 v4 )
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.
Steps to Determine Mesh Currents:
1. Assign mesh currents i1, i2, .., in to the n
meshes.
2. Apply KVL to each of the n meshes.
Use Ohms law to express the voltages
in terms of the mesh currents.
3. Solve the resulting n simultaneous
equations to get the mesh currents.
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Fig. 3.17
A circuit with two meshes.
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.
Apply KVL to each mesh. For mesh 1,
V1 R1i1 R3 (i1 i2 ) 0
( R1 R3 )i1 R3i2 V1
For mesh 2,
R2i2 V2 R3 (i2 i1 ) 0
R3i1 ( R2 R3 )i2 V2
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. currents.
Solve for the mesh
R3 i1 V1
R1 R3
R3
R2 R3 i2 V2
Use i for a mesh current and I for a
branch current. Its evident from Fig.
3.17 that
I1 i1 , I 2 i2 ,
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I 3 i1 i2
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Example 3.5
Find the branch current I1, I2, and I3
using mesh analysis.
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Example 3.5
For mesh 1,
15 5i1 10(i1 i2 ) 10 0
3i1 2i2 1
For mesh 2,
6i2 4i2 10(i2 i1 ) 10 0
i1 2i2 1
We can find i1 and i2 by substitution
I1 i1 , I 2 i2 , I 3 i1 i2
method or Cramers rule. Then,
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Example 3.6
Use mesh analysis to find the current
I0 in the circuit of Fig. 3.20.
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Example 3.6
Apply KVL to each mesh. For mesh 1,
24 10(i1 i2 ) 12(i1 i3 ) 0
11i1 5i2 6i3 12
For mesh 2,
24i2 4(i2 i3 ) 10(i2 i1 ) 0
5i1 19i2 2i3 0
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Example 3.6
For mesh 3, 4 I 0 12(i3 i1 ) 4(i3 i2 ) 0
At node A, I 0 I1 i2 ,
4(i1 i2 ) 12(i3 i1 ) 4(i3 i2 ) 0
i1 i2 2i3 0
1 12
5 19 2 i2 0
1 1 2 i 0
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Case 1
i1 2A
Case 2
Current source exists between two
meshes, a super-mesh is obtained.
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Fig. 3.23
a supermesh results when two
meshes have a (dependent ,
independent) current source in
common.
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Properties of a Supermesh
1. The current is not completely ignored
provides the constraint equation
necessary to solve for the mesh current.
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Example 3.7
For the circuit in Fig. 3.24, find i1 to i4
using mesh analysis.
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.
If a supermesh consists of two meshes,two
equations are needed; one is obtained
using KVL and Ohms law to the
supermesh and the other is obtained by
relation regulated due to the current
source.
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6i1 14i2 20
i1 i2 6
40
.
Similarly, a supermesh
formed from
three meshes needs three equations:
one is from the supermesh and the
other two equations are obtained
from the two current sources.
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Example 3.8
Write the node voltage matrix
equations in Fig.3.27.
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Example 3.8
The circuit has 4 nonreference nodes,
so G 15 101 0.3, G 15 18 11 1.325
11
G33
22
1 1 1
1 1 1
0.5, G44 1.625
8 8 4
8 2 1
1
The
off-diagonal
G12 0.2, G13 terms
G14 0 are
5
1
1
G21 0.2, G23 0.125, G24 1
8
1
G31 0, G32 0.125, G34 0.125
G41 0, G42 1, G43 0.125
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Example 3.8
The input current vector i in amperes
i1 3, i2 1 2 3, i3 0, i4 2 4 6
The node-voltage equations are
0
0
0.3 0.2
v1 3
0.2 1.325 0.125 1
v 3
0.125 v3 0
0 0.125 0.5
0 1
0.125
1
.625
v
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Example 3.9
Write the mesh current equations in
Fig.3.27.
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3.10 Summery
1. Nodal analysis: the application of KCL
at the nonreference nodes
A circuit has fewer node equations
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