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DMU

Methods of
Analysis

H.H

Methods of Analysis

Methods of Analysis

Introduction
Nodal analysis
Nodal analysis with voltage source
Mesh analysis
Mesh analysis with current source

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3.2 Nodal Analysis


Steps to Determine Node Voltages:
1. Select a node as the reference node. Assign
voltage v1, v2, vn-1 to the remaining n-1
nodes. The voltages are referenced with
respect to the reference node.
2. Apply KCL to each of the n-1 nonreference
nodes. Use Ohms law to express the branch
currents in terms of node voltages.
3. Solve the resulting simultaneous equations
to obtain the unknown node voltages.

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Figure 3.1
Common symbols for indicating a reference node,
(a) common ground, (b) ground, (c) chassis.

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Figure 3.2

Typical circuit for nodal analysis

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I1 I 2 i1 i2
I 2 i2 i3
vhigher vlower
i
R

v1 0
i1
or i1 G1v1
R1

v1 v2
i2
or i2 G2 (v1 v2 )
R2
v2 0
i3
or i3 G3v2
R3
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v1 v1 v2
I1 I 2
R1
R2
v1 v2 v2
I2

R2
R3
I1 I 2 G1v1 G2 (v1 v2 )
I 2 G2 (v1 v2 ) G3v2

G1 G2

G2
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G2
G2 G3

v1 I1 I 2
v2 I 2
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Example 3.1
Calculus the node voltage in the
circuit shown in Fig. 3.3(a)

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Example 3.1
At node 1

i1 i2 i3
v1 v2 v1 0
5

4
2

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Example 3.1
At node 2

i2 i4 i1 i5
v2 v1 v2 0
5

4
6

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Example 3.1
In matrix form:

1 1

2 4

1

4

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1

4
1 1

6 4

v1 5
v 5
2

11

Fig 3.4

Practice Problem 3.1

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Example 3.2
Determine the voltage at the nodes
in Fig. 3.5(a)

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Example 3.2
At node 1,
3 i1 ix
v1 v3 v1 v2
3

4
2

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Example 3.2
At node 2
ix i2 i3
v1 v2 v2 v3 v2 0

2
8
4

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Example 3.2
At node 3
i1 i2 2ix
v1 v3 v2 v3 2(v1 v2 )

4
8
2

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Example 3.2
In matrix form:

3
4
1

2
3
4

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2
7
8
9

1

4
1

8
3
8

v1
v
2
v3

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3.3

Nodal Analysis with


Voltage Sources

Case 1: The voltage source is connected


between a nonreference node and the
reference node: The nonreference node
voltage is equal to the magnitude of
voltage source and the number of
unknown nonreference nodes is reduced
by one.
Case 2: The voltage source is connected
between two nonreferenced nodes: a
generalized node (supernode) is formed.
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3.3 Nodal Analysis with


Voltage Sources
Fig. 3.7 A circuit with a supernode.

i1 i4 i2 i3
v1 v2 v1 v3 v2 0 v3 0

2
4
8
6
v2 v3 5

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.
A supernode is formed by enclosing a

(dependent or independent) voltage


source connected between two
nonreference nodes and any elements
connected in parallel with it.
The required two equations for
regulating the two nonreference node
voltages are obtained by the KCL of
the supernode and the relationship of
node voltages due to the voltage
source.
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Example 3.3
For the circuit shown in Fig. 3.9, find
the node voltages.
2 7 i1 i 2 0
v v
27 1 2 0
2 4
v1 v2 2

i1

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i2

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Example 3.4
Find the node voltages in the circuit of Fig. 3.12.

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Example 3.4
At suopernode 1-2,
v3 v2
v1 v4 v1
10

6
3
2
v1 v2 20

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Example 3.4
At supernode 3-4,
v1 v4 v3 v2 v4 v3


3
6
1 4
v3 v4 3(v1 v4 )

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3.4 Mesh Analysis


Mesh analysis: another procedure for
analyzing circuits, applicable to
planar circuit.
A Mesh is a loop which does not
contain any other loops within it

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.
Steps to Determine Mesh Currents:
1. Assign mesh currents i1, i2, .., in to the n
meshes.
2. Apply KVL to each of the n meshes.
Use Ohms law to express the voltages
in terms of the mesh currents.
3. Solve the resulting n simultaneous
equations to get the mesh currents.

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Fig. 3.17
A circuit with two meshes.

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.
Apply KVL to each mesh. For mesh 1,
V1 R1i1 R3 (i1 i2 ) 0
( R1 R3 )i1 R3i2 V1
For mesh 2,
R2i2 V2 R3 (i2 i1 ) 0
R3i1 ( R2 R3 )i2 V2

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. currents.
Solve for the mesh
R3 i1 V1
R1 R3

R3
R2 R3 i2 V2
Use i for a mesh current and I for a
branch current. Its evident from Fig.
3.17 that
I1 i1 , I 2 i2 ,

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I 3 i1 i2

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Example 3.5
Find the branch current I1, I2, and I3
using mesh analysis.

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Example 3.5
For mesh 1,
15 5i1 10(i1 i2 ) 10 0

3i1 2i2 1
For mesh 2,
6i2 4i2 10(i2 i1 ) 10 0

i1 2i2 1
We can find i1 and i2 by substitution
I1 i1 , I 2 i2 , I 3 i1 i2
method or Cramers rule. Then,
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Example 3.6
Use mesh analysis to find the current
I0 in the circuit of Fig. 3.20.

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Example 3.6
Apply KVL to each mesh. For mesh 1,
24 10(i1 i2 ) 12(i1 i3 ) 0
11i1 5i2 6i3 12
For mesh 2,
24i2 4(i2 i3 ) 10(i2 i1 ) 0
5i1 19i2 2i3 0

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Example 3.6
For mesh 3, 4 I 0 12(i3 i1 ) 4(i3 i2 ) 0
At node A, I 0 I1 i2 ,
4(i1 i2 ) 12(i3 i1 ) 4(i3 i2 ) 0
i1 i2 2i3 0

In matrix from Eqs. (3.6.1) to (3.6.3)


become 11 5 6 i

1 12
5 19 2 i2 0
1 1 2 i 0

we can calculus i1, i2 and i3 by Cramers


rule, and find I0.
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3.5 Mesh Analysis with


Current Sources
Fig. 3.22 A circuit with a current source.

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Case 1

Current source exist only in one mesh

i1 2A

One mesh variable is reduced

Case 2
Current source exists between two
meshes, a super-mesh is obtained.

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Fig. 3.23
a supermesh results when two
meshes have a (dependent ,
independent) current source in
common.

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Properties of a Supermesh
1. The current is not completely ignored
provides the constraint equation
necessary to solve for the mesh current.

2. A supermesh has no current of its


own.
3. Several current sources in adjacency
form a bigger supermesh.

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Example 3.7
For the circuit in Fig. 3.24, find i1 to i4
using mesh analysis.

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.
If a supermesh consists of two meshes,two
equations are needed; one is obtained
using KVL and Ohms law to the
supermesh and the other is obtained by
relation regulated due to the current
source.

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6i1 14i2 20
i1 i2 6

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.
Similarly, a supermesh
formed from
three meshes needs three equations:
one is from the supermesh and the
other two equations are obtained
from the two current sources.

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Example 3.8
Write the node voltage matrix
equations in Fig.3.27.

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Example 3.8
The circuit has 4 nonreference nodes,
so G 15 101 0.3, G 15 18 11 1.325
11

G33

22

1 1 1
1 1 1
0.5, G44 1.625
8 8 4
8 2 1

1
The
off-diagonal
G12 0.2, G13 terms
G14 0 are
5

1
1
G21 0.2, G23 0.125, G24 1
8
1
G31 0, G32 0.125, G34 0.125
G41 0, G42 1, G43 0.125
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Example 3.8
The input current vector i in amperes
i1 3, i2 1 2 3, i3 0, i4 2 4 6
The node-voltage equations are
0
0
0.3 0.2
v1 3
0.2 1.325 0.125 1
v 3

0.125 v3 0
0 0.125 0.5

0 1

0.125
1
.625
v

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Example 3.9
Write the mesh current equations in
Fig.3.27.

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3.7 Nodal Versus Mesh Analysis


Both nodal and mesh analyses provide a
systematic way of analyzing a complex
network.
The choice of the better method dictated
by two factors.
First factor : nature of the particular network.
The key is to select the method that results
in the smaller number of equations.
Second factor : information required.
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3.10 Summery
1. Nodal analysis: the application of KCL
at the nonreference nodes
A circuit has fewer node equations

2. A supernode: two nonreference


nodes
3. Mesh analysis: the application of KVL
A circuit has fewer mesh equations

4. A supermesh: two meshes


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