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11.

4 DOMAIN
EUKARYA:
KINGDOM FUNGI

OBJECTIVES :
Describe unique characteristics of Fungi
State the classification of Fungi into
3 major phyla based on
types of spore-bearing
structure :
- Zygomycota (Rhizopus sp.)
- Ascomycota (Penicillium sp.)
- Basidiomycota (Agaricus sp.)

Compare and contrast the


nutritional mode of a fungus
with your own nutritional mode .

Unique Characteristic of Fungi


Multicellular eukaryotes, except
yeast unicellular
Cell wall : complex carbohydrate
called chitin
Food storage : Glycogen

Unique Characteristic of Fungi

Structural organization :
~ filamentous body plan
~ Basic units hyphae (tiny
filaments);
~ Hyphae elongate & branching
forming
mycelia

Unique Characteristic of Fungi


Two types of hyphae:
1. Septate hyphae (sing.
septum)
~ Hyphae are divided; by
cross wall called
septa
~ Divide into individual cells
containing one
or more nuclei

Unique Characteristic of Fungi


2. Coenocytic @ aseptate hyphae:
Hyphae without septa;
hyphae not divide
into cells, multinucleated
hyphae

Unique Characteristic of Fungi


Specialized hyphae : HAUSTORIA
- Present in mutualistic and
parasitic fungi
- Function : extract nutrient
from living plant cell

Haustoria :
Nutrients absorbing hyphal tips
that penetrate the tissues of host cells.

- Some fungi even have hyphae


adapted for preying on animals

Hyphae adapted for


trapping and killing
prey

Unique Characteristic of Fungi


Mode of nutrition : Heterotrophic
i. Saprotroph
~ Cells release digestive
enzymes & absorb nutrient
molecules from dead organic
substances
ii. Parasites
~ Absorb nutrients from
living hosts using

Unique Characteristic of Fungi


Mode of nutrition : Heterotrophic
iii. Mutualist
~ Absorb nutrients or get
protection
from other organism but
give the host
cell benefits in return
~ Eg : Mycorrhizae, lichen

Unique Characteristic of Fungi


Reproduction by forming spores
Produce spores either sexually or
asexually
Asexual reproduction :
produce haploid spore from by
mitosis

Unique Characteristic of Fungi

Sexual reproduction:
- Syngamy occur during sexual
reproduction
- Syngamy:
> The process of cellular union.
> There are 2 stages during
syngamy
(i) Plasmogamy - fusion of
cytoplasm
(ii) Karyogamy - fusion of nuclei

GENERAL LIFE CYCLE OF FUNGI

CLASSIFICATION
Classifybasedontypesofsporebearingstructure:
KINGDOM
FUNGI
Classified into 3
phyla

ZYGOMYCOTA

Rhizopus
sp.

ASCOMYCOTA

BASIDIOMYCOTA

Penicillium sp., Agaricus


sp.
Saccharomyce

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PHYLA IN FUNG


ZYGOMYCOTA ASCOMYCOT
A
Sexual spore
Sexual spore
is zygospore
is ascospore
produced by
produced by
zygosporangiu ascus
m (pl.
(pl. asci)
zygosporangia
)
Asexual spore Asexual
is spore
spore is
produce by
conidia
sporangium
produce

BASIDIOMYCO
TA
Sexual spore is
basidiospore
produced by
basidium
(pl. basidia)
Asexual spore
is less in
common
(rarely occur)

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PHYLA IN FUNG


ZYGOMYCOT
A
Coenocytic @
aseptate
hyphae
e.g. :
Rhizopus sp.

ASCOMYCOTA BASIDIOMYCOT
A
Septate
Septate hyphae
hyphae
e.g. :
e.g. : Agaricus
Penicillium sp. sp.
Saccharomyces
sp.

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PHYLA IN FUNG

HYLUM ZYGOMYCOTA (e.g. : Rhizopus sp

PHYLUM ASCOMYCOTA

Phylum Ascomycota e.g. : Neurospora crassa

Phylum Ascomycota (e.g. Penicillium sp.)


Conidia
(in a chain)
Sterig
ma

Conidiophore
Hypha

PHYLUM BASIDIOMYCOTA

Phylum Basidiomycota (e.g. Agaricus sp.)


Pileus
(club)
Gills
Stipe
(stalk)

IMPORTANCE OF FUNGI
i. Decomposers
~ Saprophytic fungi breakdown
complex
molecule in dead
organism
~ Able to degrade cellulose and
lignin
~ Recycle nutrient (eg : N, C, S,
P) into
ecosystem

Decompo
ser Fungi

IMPORTANCE OF FUNGI
ii. Symbionts
Lichens : Symbiotic
relationship between fungi and
algae / cyanobacteria
Fungi provide suitable
environment for algal growth
Algae/cyanobacteria provide
carbon and nitrogen for
fungi

Lichen

IMPORTANCE OF FUNGI
ii. Symbionts
Mycorrhizae : symbiotic
relationship between fungi and
plant root
Mycorrhizal fungi increase
surface area of plant root to
absorb more water and
mineral nutrients from soil
Plant root provide organic
nutrient for fungi

Mycorrhi
zae
mycorrhizae

Plant
without
mycorrhizae

Plant
associated with
mycorrhizae

Mycorrhizae

IMPORTANCE OF FUNGI
iii. Pathogens
Human :
Candida sp. (a type of
Ascomycetes)
Parasitic fungi cause
candiasis (infection in mouth,
throat and vagina)

IMPORTANCE OF FUNGI
iii. Pathogens
Plant :
Basidiomycetes
Parasitic fungi cause smuts &
rusts that attack cereal
wheat, corn and oats
Ascomycetes
Parasitic fungi cause brown
rot that attack cherry,
peaches, apricots

Smuts and
rusts

Brown rot

IMPORTANCE OF FUNGI
iv. Food production ( fermented
food )
Edible mushroom ( eg : Shitake
mushroom, button mushroom)
Fermentation : production of
cheese, alcohol, bread
Production of soy sauce by
fermenting soybeans with fungi

Edible

IMPORTANCE OF FUNGI
Fermented food
- Yeasts produce CO2 and ethyl alcohol
from sugar (e.g. glucose) by fermentation
to make bread and alcoholic beverages

Fermented food :
cheese, bread and
wine

IMPORTANCE OF FUNGI
v. Pharmaceutical
Production of antibiotic
Eg : Penicillium notatum
produce penicillin
Eg : Cephalosporium sp.
produce cephalosporin

Penicillin
notatum

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