Classifications of Matter

Solid rigid, definite volume and shape.

Liquid relatively incompressible fluid,
definite volume, takes shape of
container.
Gas easily compressible fluid, no fixed
volume or shape.

The three forms of matter

- solid, liquid and gas are referred to as the states of matter.

Pure Substances and Mixtures

A pure substance is a kind of matter that

cannot be separated into other kinds of
matter by any physical process.

A mixture is a material that can be

separated by physical means into two or
more substances.

Get two types of mixtures:

A homogeneous mixture is a mixture that
is uniform in its properties throughout
given samples.
A heterogeneous mixture is a mixture that
consists of physicallly distinct parts, each
with different properties.

Note : A phase is one of several homogeneous

materials present in the portion of matter under
study.

Separation of Mixtures
Examples to separate heterogeneous mixtures:
- Magnetic
- Filtration
Examples to separate homogeneous mixtures:
- Distillation
- Chromatography

Basic Distillation Setup

Separation of Mixtures by Paper

Chromatography

Separation of Mixtures by Column

Chromatography

Elements and Compounds

Laviosier defined an element as a

substance that cannot be decomposed by
any chemical reaction into simpler
substances.

A compound is a substance composed of

two or more elements chemically
combined.

Physical and Chemical Changes

A physical change is a change in the form of

matter but not in its chemical identity.
Example:
- Dissolution of salt.
- Distillation

A chemical change or chemical reaction is a

change in which one or more kinds of matter
are transformed into a new kind of matter or
several new kinds of matter.
Example:
- The rusting of iron.

Intensive vs Extensive Properties

Extensive property: is dependent on the

amount of substance in a system.
eg. mass, volume etc.

Intensive property: is NOT dependent on

the amount of substance in a system.
eg. density, temperature, pressure etc.

In flow-diagram form:

Physical Measurements
Chemists characterise and identify substances by
their particular properties. To determine many of
these properties requires physical measurements.

In a modern chemical laboratory, measurements

often are complex, but many experiments begin
with simple measurements of mass, volume, time,
and so forth.

Units of Measurement
Any measurement consists of three interlinked
concepts:
a measured number
a unit
a measure of the uncertainty

If you repeat a particular measurement,

you usually do not obtain precisely the
same result, because each measurement
is subject to experimental error.

The Length of a Steel Rod

SI Base units and SI Prefixes

The International System or SI was

adopted in 1960 and is a particular choice
of metric units.

There are seven base units from which all

other units can be derived.

In SI a larger or a smaller unit for a

physical quantity is indicated by a SI
prefix.

SI Base Units

SI Prefixes

Temperature

Converting from one temperature

scale to another

TK TC 273.15 K

9
o
TF TC 32 F
5

5
o
TC TF 32 C
9

Example:
In winter the average low temperature of
interior Alaska is 30F. What is the
temperature in degree Celsius? And in Kelvin?

Derived SI units

Area

Once base units have been defined for a

system of measurement, then other units
can be derive.

SI unit of area
= (SI unit of length) x (SI unit of length)

Volume
Volume is defined as
length cubed and has
the SI unit of cubic
meter (m3).

1 L = 1 dm3

and

1 mL = 1 cm3

Density
The density of an object is its mass per unit
volume.
m
d =
v
Suppose an object has a mass of 15.0 g and a
volume of 10.0 cm3
Then:

Which is more dense?

Alternate Example

Calculating the Density of a Substance

Oil of wintergreen is a colourless liquid used as
a flavouring. A 28.1 g sample of oil of
wintergreen has a volume of 23.7 ml. What is the
density of wintergreen?

Alternate Example

Using Density to relate Mass and Volume

A sample of gasoline has a density of 0.718
g/mL. What is the volume of 454 g of gasoline?
d =

m
v

Dimensional Analysis
Dimensional analysis the method of
calculation in which one carries along the units
for quantities

The advantages of this are:

The correct units for the answer follow
automatically.
Errors are more easily identified.
eg. when the final units are nonsense

Example
Calculate the volume, V, of a cube, given s,
the length of one of its sides.
V = s3

, if s = 5.00 cm

Shg V= (5,00 cm)3 = 125 cm3

Converting Between Units.

What is 5 liters in terms of cm3?
We know: 1 mL = 1 cm3
Therefore:
5L

Alternate Example

Converting Units: Metric Unit to Metric

Unit
A sample of sodium metal is burned in chlorine
gas, producing 573 mg of sodium chloride. How
many grams is this? How many kilograms?
573 mg

Converting Units: Metric Volume to

Metric Volume
An experiment calls for 54.3 mL of ethanol.
What is the volume in cubic meters?
We know: 1 mL = 1 cm3
Therefore:

Number of Significant Figures

Number of significant figures number of

digits reported for the value of a measured
or calculated quantity, indicating the
precision of the value.

Scientific notation is the representation of a

number in the form:
A x 10n
eg. 3x10-8 m

Sig. Fig. Rules!

All digits are significant except zeros at

the beginning of the number and possibly
terminal zeros.
eg. 0.00231
59000

Terminal zeros ending at the right of the

decimal point are significant.
eg. 0.2540

Terminal zeros in a number without an

explicit decimal point or may not be
significant.

Determine the number of sig. fig.s in the following:

27.53 cm
39.240 cm
102.0 g
0.00021 kg
0.06080 L
0.0002 L

Sig. Fig.s in Calculations

Multiplication and division:

result must have as many sig. fig.s as
there are in the measurement with the
least number of sig. fig.s.

Addition and Subtraction:

result must have same number of
decimal places as there are in the
measurement with the least number of
decimal places.

Example:
Suppose you have a substance believed to be cisplatin and, in an effort to establish its identity, you
measure its solubility.
You find that 0.0634 g of the substance dissolves in
25.31 g of water.
The amount dissolving in 100.0 g is :
100.0 g of water x

0.0634 g cis-platin
25.31 g of water

In performing the calculation

100.0 X 0.0634 25.31,
the calculator display shows
0.2504938.
We would report the answer as

because the factor

has the least number of
significant figures

Exact Numbers & Rounding

An exact number is a number that arises

when you count items or sometimes when
you define a unit.

The conventions of significant figures do

NOT apply to exact number.
eg. suppose you want the total mass of 9 coins
when each coin has a mass of 3.0 grams.
The calculation is:

Rounding is the procedure of dropping

nonsignificant digits in a calculation and
adjusting the last digit reported.

Example
Perform the following calculations, rounding
the answers to the correct number of sig. fig.s.
5.8914
1.289 x 7.28

Now considering sig. fig.s:

Therefore answer =

One more Example

92.34 x (0.456 - 0.421) =

Remember :
0.458 - 0.421 =

1. Logam Galium merupakan unsur yang jangkauan suhu

cairnya paling lebar. Galium meleleh pada suhu 30oC dan
mendidih pada suhu 1983oC. Berapa titik leleh dan titik
didihnya dalam oF?
2. Air ditempatkan dalam silinder sampai volumenya 25,0
mL. sebuah logam yang bentuknya tidak beraturan
beratnya 50,8 g ditempatkan dalam silinder tersebut dan
terendam seluruhnya. Volume air naik menjadi 36,2 mL.
berapa densitas logam tersebut?
3. Titanium adalah logam yang penting untuk pembuatan
pesawat terbang karena kekuatannya dan ringan. Sebuah
silinder titanium yang padat dengan ukuran diameter 2,48
cm dan panjang 4,75 cm ditimbang beratnya 104,2 g.
hitung berat jenis titanium tersebut!
4. Suatu diamond biasanya kadarnya dalam karat. Diketahui
3