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TOPIC 10

DECISION MAKING

Jabatan Asas Pendidikan

Learning outcomes
Students will be able to:
define decision making skills appropriately.
explain components and models in decision making
skills.
explain strategies in decision making skills.

Glossary
Decision making
Possibility
Alternatives
Risks
Results
Decision evaluation

DECISION-MAKING SKILLS
There are several definitions of decision-making
skills:
1. Halpern (1996)
- make a choice between two or more mutually
exclusive alternatives.
- choose the best decision based on certain criteria.
2. Beyer (2000)
- make decisions involving multiple choice of
alternatives.

Sdorow (1990)
- an effort to try to make the best selection,
in action to get the results you want.
- In making decision there are two factors
need to be considered, namely:
a) utility/usefulness: the specified value to
the results obtained
b) probability: estimate alternatives
available leads to specific outcomes

Marzano (2000)
-The situation of a person to choose
between two or more possibilities in
making choices
- Steps in the selection:
a) identify what is required
b) identify the importance of every
possibility
c) identify alternatives to be considered
Presseisen (1987)
-in a problematic situation, the
responsibility of a person is to resolve
difficulties or constraints faced. The results

In conclusion
Decisions making involving mental
processes, such as creative thinking, critical
reasoning, management of internal conflict
to make a choice of alternatives, involves
making predictions of future situations.

PURPOSE OF DECISION MAKING


Mastery the aim of decision making
a)Allow individual to make best choice
b)Avoid individuals to rush in their action
c)To achieve satisfaction and avoid feelings
of regret with the decisions made.
d)Make individuals more rational and
patient
e)Utilized the resources

Mistakes in Decision Making and


Ways toINOvercome
ERRORS
DECISION MAKING
General errors

How to Overcome

Hasty

Take time for thinking about selection

Narrow

Use enough and relevant information

Sprawling

Relate and organize all relevant


factors

Fuzzy

Think about and consider important


aspects clearly

Thinking tools: Questioning


The questions that will help in decision
making
- Why is it necessary to make the decision?
- What are my options?
- What are the consequences for each of
the decision/choice?
- Which one is the best decision/choice
after compare and contrast due to each
option?

STEPS IN DECISION MAKING


1. Identify facts about the issue or
objective of decision making
2. Think about what to do
3. Think of options
4. Debated whether to accept or reject
the option
5. Evaluate options
6. Results

How to determine the quality of the


decision-making
Concentrate on the definition of the
question, not finding answer to the
problem.
First and foremost, have to find
various alternative and not on the
correct solution.
Give consideration to all factors
involved in the question.

FACTS ABOUT WRONG DECISIONS


There is no certainty about what will happen after the
decision are made
Making decisions under the circumstances we do not
know everything on the matter.
We are not used to the context in making decision.

Heuristic Method in decision making


a) Give Answer
- to choose first and then find way to
get an answer (Preferred result)
- example: choosing a wife
Early decision - likely to be a
mistake

b) Easy to remember
there are situations / events or new catchy
effect. catchy case will affect the decisionmaking
Example; Highland tower, buy a house
c) Analogy
- Two situations or events have in common
- Refer to the way or means that we used
for problems solving and making decisions

d) Representative
Using the representative for
purposes of summary
Making decisions in this way may be
Set as stereotype and probability
make mistake
Eg: buy oranges - one sweet, all OK

Decision Making Models


Model Wales, Nardi & Stager (1986)
4 stages:
1)problem solving
2)generating ideas
3) plans
4) take action
1) Statement of the Problem:
a) identify problems
b) form a selection
c)selecting goals

2) Generating ideas
a) Identify the problem
b) Form a selection
c)Selecting ideas
3) Plans
a) Identify the problem
b) Develop options
c) choosing a plan
4)Take action
a) Identify the problem
b) Develop options
c) To take future action

Model Ehrenberg, Ehrenberg and


Durfee (1979)
Clarify and confirm the need for a
situation
Identify, clarify and confirm the
characteristics of each alternative
Confirm an option as an option that
can meet the needs of the situation

References
Moore, B. N. & Parker, R. (2015). Critical Thinking
(11th Edition). Dubuque: McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc.
Vogel, T. (2014). Breakthrough Thinking: A Guide
To Creative Thinking and Idea Generation. Ohio:
FW Media, Inc.
Allen, J. C. (2013). Emotional intelligence: The
emotional intelligence book. New York:
CreateSpace Independent Publishing.
Nosich, G. M. (2013). Learning to think things
through (4th Edition). Englewood Cliffs: Prentice
Hall.

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