Professional Documents
Culture Documents
0 Design of Canals
4.1 Design Capacity of Canals
Many procedures have been developed for the
hydraulic design of open channel sections.
The development of Chezy equation was based on
the dimensional analysis of the friction equation
under the assumption that the condition of flow is
uniform.
V = C (RS)
The Manning equation has proved to be very
reliable in practice. The Manning equation is
determined of flow velocity based on the slope of
channel bed, surface roughness of the channel,
cross-sectional area of flow, and wetted perimeter
of flow.
4.2
4.2
4.2
4.3
4.3
4.4
4.4
Alluvial channels
Erodible Channels which Scour but do not silt.
The behaviour of flow in erodible channels is influenced by
several parameters
Unlined channels with channel bed and banks composed of
earth, sand or gravel must be designed so that they
maintain a stable configuration. There are
three procedures.
1. Velocity based Method of maximum permissible
velocity.
2. Regime Theory - Emprical equations for channels with
equilibrium sediment
3. Shear Based - Tractive force methods, Shield analysis.
Alluvial channels
Method of maximum permissible velocity also known as
non erodible velocity:
It is the highest mean velocity that will cause no erosion in
the channel body.
The complexity of the erodible channel design process
results from the fact that in such channels stability is
dependent not only on hydraulic parameters but also on the
properties of the material which composes the bed and
sides of the channel.
A stable channel section is one in which neither
objectionable scour nor deposition occurs.
Alluvial channels
There are three types of unstable sections
The banks and bed of the channel are scoured but no
deposition occurs.
Example: When the channel conveys sediment free water
(or water with only a very small amount of sediment) but
with adequate energy to erode the channel.
Unstable channel with deposition but no scour.
Example: When the water being conveyed carries a large
sediment load at a velocity that permits sedimentation.
Unstable channel with both scour and deposition
occur.
Example: When the material through which the channel is
excavated is susceptible to erosion and the water being
conveyed carries a significant sediment load. These types
of channels can be designed using the method of
maximum permissible velocity.
4.5
4.5
Kennedys Method
critical velocity
Vo=CDn
Kennedys Method
Kennedys Method
Q = AV
Kennedys Method
The design procedure based on Kennedys theory
involves trial. For known Q, n, m, and S,
assume a trial value of h and obtain the critical
velocity V from the Kennedys equation.
From the continuity equation one can calculate the
area of cross-section A and, thus, know the value of
B for the assumed value of h.
Using these values of B and h, compute the mean
velocity from the Mannings equation.
If this value of the mean velocity matches with the
value of the critical velocity obtained earlier, the
assumed value of h and the computed value of B
provide channel dimensions.
If the two velocities do not match, assume another
Lindleys Method
Lindley was the first to recognise that width, depth, and the
slope of a channel can all adjust in an alluvial channel for a
given set of conditions.
He stated that when an artificial channel is used to carry
sediment-laden water, both the bed and banks either scour or
silt and thus change depth, gradient, and width until a state of
balance is attained at which condition the channel is said to
be in regime.
The observed width, slope, and depth of the Lower Chenab
canal system were analysed by Lindley
Using n = 0.025 and side slopes as 0.5 H : 1V. He obtained
the following equations :
V= 0.57 h0.57
V = 0.27 B0.355
From both, one can get
B = 7.8 h1.61
It should be noted that these equations do not include
the effect of sediment size on the multiplying coefficient.
durability,
reparability,
impermeability,
hydraulic efficiency, and
resistance to erosion