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Gender Issues: Gender-Based

Violence

By

Reverien Rutayisire

(216349613)
Alphonsine Souvenir
(216349451)
Pascal Terigiti
Yvette Tuyishime

(216356318)
(216349354)

Outline
Definitions,Types and Acts of GBV
Why GBV is a problem of public health
GBV in the world
GBV in Rwanda
Conclusion and Recommendations
References

Definitions,Types and Acts of GBV


1. Gender
The term gender refers to the socially constructed

characteristics of women and men such as norms,


roles and relationships of and between groups
of women and men (WHO,2011).
It varies from society to society and can be changed.

Definitions,Types and Acts of GBV


(2)
2. Gender issue
Gender issue refers to any issue/concern determined
by gender-based differences between women and men.
Gender issues include all aspects and concerns
related to womens and mens lives and situation in
society, to the way they interrelate, their differences in
access to and use of resources, their activities, and how
they react to changes, interventions and policies (WHO,

Definitions,Types and Acts of GBV


(3)
3. Gender-based violence (GBV)
Bloom (2008) defined Gender-based violence (GBV) as a
general term used to capture violence that occurs as a
result of the normative role expectations associated
with

each

gender,

along

with

the

unequal

power

relationships between the two genders, within the context of a


specific society.

Definitions,Types and Acts of GBV (4)


4. Violence against women
The UN Declaration on the Elimination of Violence Against Women
(DEVAW, 1993) stated the Violence against women as any act of
gender-based violence that results in, or is likely to result in,
physical, sexual or psychological harm or suffering to women,
including threats of such acts, coercion or arbitrary deprivation
of liberty, whether occurring in public or in private life.
Violence against Women and Girls (VAW/G) constitutes a part of
Gender-Based Violence.

Men and boys are also victims of GBV


e.g. Homosexuality in many communities is
considered an aberration from the
expectations of how men should behave.

Forms of Gender-Based
Violence
Gender-based violence can take many forms such as:
Intimate partner violence (physical, sexual, psychological, economic)
Sexual coercion
Childhood sexual abuse
Rape
Trafficking
Rape in conflict situations
Acid throwing
Female Genital Mutilation
Honor killings
Dowry deaths
:

Source: WHO TEACH-VIP (2005)

Acts of gender-based violence


Physical
violence

Sexual
violence

Psychological
violence
Economic
violence

slapping, shoving, pushing, punching, beating, scratching,


choking, biting, grabbing, shaking, spitting, burning,
twisting of a body part, forcing the ingestion of an
unwanted substance; using household objects to hit a
woman, using weapons (knives, guns).
Rape ; unwanted sexual advances or sexual harassment,
including demanding sex in return for favours ; trafficking for the
purpose of sexual exploitation; forced exposure to pornography;
forced pregnancy, forced sterilization, forced abortion; forced
marriage, early/child marriage; female genital mutilation;
virginity testing; and incest.

threats of violence and harm against the woman or somebody close to


her, through words or actions; harassment and mobbing at the work
place; humiliating and insulting comments; and isolation and restrictions
on communication, use of children by a violent intimate partner to control
or hurt the woman.
prohibiting a woman from working; excluding her from financial decision
making in the family; withholding money or financial information; refusing
to pay bills or maintenance for her or the children; and destroying jointly
owned assets.
Sources: Adapted from WHO, 2013

GBV, a big public health concern


GBV Non-Fatal
outcomes

GBV Fatal
outcomes

Source: UNFPA and WAVE, 2014

Health professional response to


GBV
1. Primary intervention
More focus on GBV prevention.
Promoting community awareness
Involvement of everyone in the
community

Health professional response to GBV


(2)
2. Second prevention
Identification of GBV at its early stages
Confidentiality for victims 'safety
Treatment of the survivors ( medical,
psychological, etc)
Assessment of the victims health needs
Encouragement to talk about the abuse

Health professional response to


GBV (3)
3. Tertiary intervention
Assessment of long-term and sustainable
support
More counseling sessions
Rehabilitation

ealth professional response to GBV (4)


4. Case referral

Where necessary, referring cases to other


partnering organizations
Social, economic, legal interventions on the
victims behalf
Available, feasible and efficient services.

GENDER BASED VIOLENCE IN WORLD


GBV is the one of the problems that are offending the
human rights worldwide
GBV is a global pandemic that is inflicted upon men,
women and children
Violence against women is the most pervasive yet least
recognized human rights abuse in the world
One in three women worldwide has been beaten, IPV, or
otherwise abused in her lifetime.
Almost 50 percent of all sexual abuses worldwide are
against girls 15 Years Old and younger

GENDER BASED VIOLENCE IN


WORLD (2)
Violence against women is happening in both
developed and developing countries.
Gender-Based Violence (GBV) is more prevalent in
situations of political, social and economic inequity.
Poverty and lack of economic opportunities are the
main causes of GBV worldwide.

GBV: Global statistics


The amount of 35% of women worldwide have experienced either
physical/sexual Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) or non-partner
sexual violence (NPSV).
The highest prevalence rates of IPV/NPSV were found in central
sub-Saharan Africa, with an estimated up to 66%.
Globally, one out of every five women may become a victim of
rape or attempted rape over her lifetime.
In 2009, men represented 24% of trafficking victims detected
globally as another kind of GBV.
In 2012, women and girls represented 55% of the estimated 20.9
million victims of forced labor worldwide, and 98% of the
estimated 4.5 million forced into sexual exploitation

Problem of GBV in Rwanda


During the 1994 Rwandan Genocide, an estimated
250.000-500.000 women were raped (UN,1996)
According the study made in Rwanda on Masculinity and
Gender Based Violence in 2010, Gasabo District ranked
first place followed by Nyarugenge and Kicukiro as the
districts most experiencing in violence.

Problem of GBV in Rwanda (2)


In 2005, an average of eight women/girl-children were
raped every day in Rwanda with approximately 80% of the
victims under 18 years old(Rwanda National Police, 2005).
Due to a strong culture belief of Rwandan citizens, many
cases were unreported.
Four main form of GBV have been identified in Rwanda:

sexual violence,
physical violence,
economical violence
psychological violence.

Remember..
Isange One Stop Center
Lack of confidentiality in Psychological Violence

Conclusion and
Recommendations
Continue awareness raising campaign on different forms of
GBV;
Encourage GBV cases reporting whenever they occur ;
Make sure GBV service providers are responsive and
effective ;
Develop strategies to prevent GBV focusing on the family
and community level ;
Discourage family mediation in cases of sexual violence,
involving more specifically rape ;
Re-vitalise anti-GBV committees.

References
1. World Health Organization's TEACH-VIP, 2005: contributing to capacity building for youth violence prevention.
2. DEVAW, CEDAW GR 19, WHO et al 2013, WHO/LSHTM 2010, UN Secretary General 2006.
3. WHO, 2015. TEACH-VIP: contributing to capacity building for youth violence prevention.
4. http://eige.europa.eu/gender-based-violence/what-gender-based-violence/forms-gender-based-violence
5. WHO, 2011. Gender mainstreaming for health managers: a practical approach.
6. Bloom, S. L. (2008). Domestic violence [online]. Encyclopedia of Gender and Society. SAGE. Available from:
[Accessed: 5 May 2011].
7. Office of Gender Equality, U., United States Strategy to Prevent and Respond to Gender-Based Violence Globally.
8. Khasakhala-mwenesi, B. et al., 2003. Gender violence 15. , pp.239251.
9. Time, R. & Audience, T., 1994. What Is Gender-Based Violence? Materials: Violence, B., 2009. Gender-Based Violence ,
Health and the role of the Health Sector. , (June).
10. Women, B., 2012. PART 2: GBV DEFINITION , PREVALENCE , AND GLOBAL. , pp.312.
11. RWAMREC & NPA, 2013. SEXUALNAND GENDER-BASED VIOLENCE (GBV) BASE-LINE STUDY IN 13 DISTRICTS, pp.99.
12. WHO, 2016. What do we mean by "sex" and "gender"? Available at http://apps.who.int/gender/whatisgender/en/

THANK YOU FOR YOUR KIND


ATTENTION

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