ATM XDSL

11
Do not delete this graphic elements in here:
Section 1
Technology
Module 1
ATM, ADSL, ADSL2, ADSL2+
3FL15001BBACWBZZA Edition 01
Alcatel-Lucent 1540 Litespan - R2.7 Introduction to ATM-ADSL-ADSL2-ADSL2+

All Rights Reserved 2007, Alcatel-Lucent
Objectives
112
Technology ATM-ADSL-ADSL2-ADSL2+
To acquire the knowledge of the basic concepts
regarding the following technologies:
Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)

Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL)
xDigital Subscriber Line (xDSL)
Alcatel-Lucent 1540 Litespan - R2.7

Introduction to ATM-ADSL-ADSL2-ADSL2+
All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2007
113
1 Introduction to Asynchronous Transfer

Mode (ATM)

1 Introduction to Asynchronous Transfer Mode
1.1 ATM Network
114
Subnetwork of routers (links no ATM)

Links no
ATM
Links no
ATM
ATM Switch
Route
r
Route
r
UNI
NNI
UNI
UNI
UNI
Route
r
UNI : User to Network Interface
Router
NNI: Node to Network Interface

LAN
1.2 ATM Flow
115
Empty cell
Hd=X
53 bytes
Hd=Y
Hd=Y
Hd=0
Hd=X
48
ATM
Network
LAN

1.3 Table of connections

116
Local range
VPI
VCI
VPI
VCI
NNI
UNI
Input port

VPI/VCI
Output port
VPI/VCI
1.4 Header
117
UNI
1
GFC
VPI
VPI
VCI
VPI/VCI: Connections Identifiers. VCI<32
VCI
3
4
GFC: Generic Flow Control.
VCI
(reserved by ATM) and VCI >=32 (data)

PT
CLP
PT
HEC
Payload Type
3 bits A-B-C:
A=0 Data A=1 OAM cell
NNI
1
2
VPI
C=1 If it is the last cell or =0 if not

VCI
CLP:
VCI
3
4
B=0 No congestion B=1 Congestion
VPI
VCI
PT
HEC

CLP
Cell Loss Priority
HEC: Header Error Control. Has the CRC used for

header protection and cell alignment
1.5 VP and VC Connections

118
local
range
Routing table
VPI
VCI
VPI
Input
VCI
port
VCI 1
VCI 2
VCI 1
VCI 2
VPI 1
VPI 4

VPI 2
VCI 4
VPI 3
VCI 3
VPI 5
VCI 1
VCI 2
VPI VCI
Outpu
t
VPI VCI
port
4 X
5 X
1 1
2 4
1 2
3 3
1.6 Examples of VP and VC connections

119
VPI 9
VCI 9
VCI 16
VPI 7
VPI 11
VCI 1
VCI 10
VPI 5
VCI 2
VP Connection

VCI 18
VPI 4
VCI 1
VPI 6
VCI 2
1.7 PVC and SVC
1 1 10
Empty
Cell
Hd=X
53 bytes
Hd=Y
Hd=Y
Hd=0
Hd=X
Semi-permanent Connections (PVC):

Established via Management commands
48
Switched Connections (SVC):

Establishing a Connection thru signalling
messages:
- Overhead with reference Y carries the cells
to destination B
- The association between reference and
destination is indicated via Signalling
messages
1.8 Tasks in the UNI and NNI layers

1 1 11
Higher layers
Adaptation functions
Adaptation
Header handling
Cell routing
Flow Control
(UNI)
User
ATM
Physical
Transmission Convergence (TC):

Insertion and extraction of empty
cells
Cell synchronism. Detection of
errors in the header
Adaptation of the bits to the
transmission medium
Physical Medium (PM):
Transmission and reception of the
bits (optical and electric mode)

User
1.9 ATM Adaptation layer 5: AAL5

1 1 12
service
Higher layers
As an example
0/65535 bytes
Adaptation
AAL 5
ATM
End part added
Physical
(Trailer)
Adjust
CRC
4
Blocks of 48 bytes
..
Bit C=1 (last cell)
1 1 13
2 Introduction to Asymmetric Digital

Subscriber Line (ADSL)

2 Introduction to Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL)
2.1 Basic concepts regarding ADSL

1 1 14
The basic concepts are:

ADSL transmission channels
ADSL Frequency
Characteristics of interactive services
ADSL external characteristics

2.1.1 ADSL transmission channels

1 1 15
User
Network
Telephone
services
Downstream
Coppe
r
8.128
Mbit/s
Wire
Upstream
832 kbit/s

ADSL
2.1.2 ADSL Frequency

1 1 16
Amplitude
POTS
Upstream
Downstream
Frequency
300Hz
25 kHz
3400Hz
138 kHz
165 kHz
POTS : Plain Old Telephone

Service
1.1 MHz
2.1.3 Characteristics of interactive services

1 1 17
Downstream channel
Bits/s
10M
Games
Teleworking
1M
Internet
Video on demand
Videoconferencing
Music on demand
100k
POTS
Upstream channel
Bits/s
10k
64k
128k
192k
256k
320k
384k
2.1.4 ADSL external characteristics

1 1 18
ADSL : Asymmetric Digital Subscriber

Line
User
site
< 8.1 Mbit/s

Downstream
Twisted pair
Upstream
< 800 kbit/s

Up to 5.4 km
Network
Element
2.2 Basic technology
1 1 19
In the basic technology we are going to study:

Nyquist constraint
Shannon-Hartley theorem
Distance-dependent attenuation
Frequency-dependent attenuation
Speed characteristics vs. distance
Pulse distortion
Crosstalk
Radio frequency interface disturbances

2.2.1 Nyquist constraint

1 1 20
Symbol
For a given bandwidth, the number of

symbols per second (RsBAUDS) is limited to
prevent inter-symbol interference.
(Rs 2 x Bw)
Example : for telephone Bw (4000 Hz):
Rs 8000 bauds
2.2.2 Shannon-Hartley theorem

1 1 21
Shannon-Hartley capacity theorem:

Capacity (bps) 1/3 x Bw x
SNR
Bw = bandwidth in Hz
SNR = Signal to Noise ratio in dB

2.2.3 Distance-dependent attenuation

1 1 22
Local exchange
User site
0.5 mm2 twisted pair
Transmitted pulse
Received pulse
4 km : loss of 32 dB
5 km : loss of 55 dB

2.2.4 Frequency-dependent attenuation

1 1 23
Attenuation
(dB) 0
1 km
20
2km
3km
40
4km
0.5mm cable
60
80
10 KHz

100 KHz
1 MHz
Frequenc
y (Hz)
2.2.5 Speed characteristics vs. distance

1 1 24
Mbit/s
10
ADSL Downstream
8
6
4
2
0
km
Kbit/s
1000
ADSL Upstream
800
600
400
200
0
km
0

2.2.6 Pulse distortion

1 1 25
Amplitude
After 1km
After 2km
After 3km
After 5km
10
20
2ms transmitted
pulse
30
ms
time
2.2.7 Crosstalk
1 1 26
User sites
S
Near-end crosstalk
Far-end crosstalk

2.2.8 Radio frequency interface disturbances

1 1 27

2.3 ADSL Modulation
1 1 28
Now we are going to study:

The type of modulation
Noise margins
The adaptation modes to configure the subscribers port:
Operator-controlled rate
Automatically selected rate
Dinamically selected rate

2.3 ADSL Modulation
2.3.1 One bit per symbol: FSK

1 1 29
0 binary : 2400Hz
1 binary : 1200Hz
Symbol
=>Modulation speed ( Bw) = 4000

bauds
=>Bit rate 4000
if one bit/symbol
bits/s
Question : How can we increase bit rate without increasing modulation
Example:if Bw = 4000Hz:

2.3 ADSL Modulation
2.3.2 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation

1 1 30
QAM-4 (2 bits per symbol)

Dibit : 10
Dibit : 00
Constellation
10
00
135
Dibit : 11
Dibit : 01
225
11
010011
10 01
00 11
45
315
01
Bit rate (b/s) = 2 x Modulation speed (Bauds)
Modem

2.3 ADSL Modulation
2.3.3 QAM-16
1 1 31
4 bits per symbol

Phase and amplitude modulation
Example:
Constellation
Data = 10010000 111

1
3
0111
0101 0001 0011
0110
0100 0000 0010
1110
1100
2
1
0
-1
-2
-3
1000 1010
1111 1101 1001 1011

0,5
1,5
2,5
Symbol length
2.3 ADSL Modulation
2.3.4 Interference
1 1 32
Unwanted signal
same frequency,
Amplitude
Phase
Data sent =1001

QAM-16
0101 0001 0011
0110
0100 0000 0010
1110
1100
2
1
Line
0111
0
-1
-2
-3
1000 1010
1111 1101 1001 1011

0,5
Constellation
Capacity = f (noise ...)

Shannon-Hartley law: Capacity
b/s
= 1/3 x Bw x Signal/noise
2.3 ADSL Modulation
2.3.5 Signal / Noise ratio and QAM

1 1 33
Number of
Bits/symbol
4
QAM-16
Signal/noise ratio
(SNR in dB) for BER<10-7
21.8
QAM-64
27.8
QAM-256
33.8
QAM-512
36.8
10
QAM-1.024
39.9
12
QAM-4.096
45.9
14
QAM-16.384
51.9

QAM
2.3 ADSL Modulation
2.3.6 Discrete Multi Tone (DMT)

1 1 34
POTS
Upstream
Downstream
Matched
signal
power
29
38
255
25
138
165
1100
Carriers
kHz
255 carrier frequencies at: n x 4.3215 kHz

Upstream band and downstream band
QAM-4 modulation (2 bits / symbol) to QAM-16384 (14 bits / symbol)
Symbol period : 250s giving 4000 symbols/s
2.3 ADSL Modulation
2.3.7 Signal/noise margin

1 1 35
Must be constant to maintain the rate
Signal power
Rate
max
= Bw / 3 ( S / N )dB(for BER 10-7)
Used
S/N
Real
S/N
Tx
Rx
Noise
Noise margin
Noise
increase
2.3 ADSL Modulation
2.3.8 Noise variations

1 1 36
Signal power
Rate calculation on initialisation
Rate
max
= Bw / 3 ( S / N )dB
Used S/N
Target
Noise
Margin
Errors
(BER 10-7)
Noise
Tx Rx
t
Init.
Noise margin is reduced
2.3 ADSL Modulation
2.3.9 Transmit power increase

1 1 37
Signal power
Transmit power
increase
(BER 10-7)
(BER 10-7)
Used S/N
Target
Noise
Margin
Signal/noise
Noise
Tx Rx

Init.
Minimum
Noise
margin
2.3 ADSL Modulation
2.3.10 Reduce Tx Power

1 1 38
Power
Used S/N
(BER 10-7)
S/N Margin
Max additional S/N
Margin
t
Tx Rx
Noise
Reduce Tx Power
2.3 ADSL Modulation
2.3.11 Modulation Parameters

1 1 39
Signal/NoiseMargin
Maximum
Additional
Transmit power reduction
Noise
Margin
Stable operational state
Target
Noise
Margin
(6dB)
Stable operational state
Minimum
Noise Margin
(1dB)
Transmit power increase
0dB
BER > 10-7
2.3 ADSL Modulation
2.3.12 Modem: Adaptation mode 1 (operator-controlled rate)

1 1 40
Max
possible
modem
rate
Operator
planned bit
rate
Rate
Real bit rate

2.3 ADSL Modulation
2.3.13
Modem: Adaptation mode 2 (automatically selected rate)
1 1 41
Max
required bit
rate
Max.
possible
modem bit
rate on
initialisatio
n
Min
required
bit rate
Rate
Real bit rate
t
1 1 42

2.3 ADSL Modulation
2.3.14
Modem: Adaptation mode 3 (dynamically selected rate)
1 1 43
Noise Margin
Upshift Noise
Margin
Target Noise
Margin
Downshift Noise
Margin
Rate
t
t1 : minimum time interval
Max
required bit
rate
Min
required bit
rate
Real bit rate

t

2.4 Error Correction
1 1 44
Now we are going to review:

Reed Solomon code
Error correction without interleaving
Error correction with interleaving

2.4.1 Hamming distance between two code words

1 1 45
Receive
Transmit
MessageGeneratio Code
n
word
to
matrix
transmit
Check
matrix
00
11
1
Dictionary
Distanc
e d=2
Number of code word bits:
code vector (n)
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
Valid values
Minimum distance:
Number of message bits: message vectordH=n-k+1

(k) => 2-1+1=2
2.4.2 Error detection code

1 1 46
The properties of an error detection or correction

The properties of an error detection or correction code
code
depends on the minimum distance between
depends on the minimum distance between codes
codes
The number of erroneous bits e detected by a code is: e = d H - 1
Message
Code
to
Generation word
transmit matrix
00
Check
matrix
10
Error
Dictionary
Transmit
This system is capable of detecting:
e=d-1 => 2-1 = 1 simple error
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
Valid values
Receive
2.4.3 Error correction code

1 1 47
A system is capable of correcting c errors as a function of

the minimum distance: c = ( dH - 1 ) / 2
Message
Code
to
Generation word
transmit matrix
000
111
Check
matrix
010
000
Receive
Dictionary
Transmit
k=1, n=3
dH =n-k+1
dH =3
e=dH -1
e=2
Distance
d=3
C= (dH -1)/2
c=1
000
001
010
100
110
111
Valid values
2.4.4 REED-SOLOMON code

1 1 48
octet
RS code (255,239)
1
2
3
Distance: n-k+1
d= 255-239+1
d=17
Correction: (d-1)/2
c=(17-1)/2
c=8
Message
vector
(K)
Code
vector (N)
239
240
254
Check
octets
(R)
Overhead =16/255 i.e. 6.3%
255

This RS code will correct

up to eight erroneous
octets per
code vector
2.4.5 Error correction without interleaving

1 1 49
RS code (15,11)
Distance = 15-11+1=
Correction = (5-1)/2= 2
5
Message vectorCheck
Transmitted data
Line data
Error burst
More than
2 octets
destroyed
After receive checking

Lost block

2.4.6 Error correction with interleaving

1 1 50
Message
Check
vector
Block 0
Data to transmit
Block 1
Block 2
Block 3
Block 4
Error burst
6 octets
destroye
d
Block 0
Block 1
Block 2
Line data
Block 3
Receive
Correction ChkCorrection ChkCorrection ChkCorrection ChkCorrection Chk

2.4.7 Delay and Interleaving depths

1 1 51
FAST =
NO
INTERLEAVING !

2.5 Standards
1 1 52
Now we are going to know in ADSL which standars are defined:

ANSI
ITU

2.5 Standards
2.5.1 ANSI
1 1 53
ANSI T1.413 Issue 1

1995
first ADSL specification out in 1995 was STM based and not clearly built
ANSI T1.413 Issue 2
1998
second ADSL specification which was mostly driven by Alcatel and ATM based as is
used today

2.5 Standards
2.5.2 ITU-T
1 1 54
ITU-T G.dmt or G992.1

specification by ITU-T which is based on the ANSI T1.413 Issue 2 standard plus an
extra handshaking protocol.
Annex A
specifies operation above the POTS band
Annex B
specifies operation above the ISDN band
ITU-T G.lite or G992.2
specification by ITU-T which is a stripped down version of the ANSI T1.413 Issue
2 standard plus an extra handshaking protocol. Based on recommendations made
by the UAWC workgroup (Microsoft, Compaq, Intel)
ITU-T G.hs or G994.1
specifies the handshaking procedure for xDSL transceivers

1 1 56
3 xDSL Technologies

3 xDSL Technologies
3.1 Overview new standards

1 1 57
Now we are going to learn:

why we need new standards
which standards there are:
For ADSL2 (Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line2)
For ADSL2+ (Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line2+)
For READSL2 (Reach Extended ADSL2)

3.1.1 ADSL today

1 1 58
Reuse of existing copper wire

High Speed Data (Internet) Access
Data and voice use separate networks
Data and voice can be used simultaneously (FDM)
Maximum Distance
ADSL: Max. 5 km (no repeaters possible)
Virtually any range is possible if subtending is used
Uses Discrete MultiTone (DMT) modulation

Reed Solomon (mandatory) and Trellis code (optional) is used for error
detection/correction

3.1.2 Points to improve in ADSL

1 1 59
After years of ADSL field experience

Multi-vendor
Interoperability
Real world: Crosstalk &

Narrowband Interferers
Adaptation to time
varying line conditions
The green line:

Power savings
All Digital Mode
Monitoring and trouble

resolution tools
ADSL Anywhere:
RU deployment
Enabling applications:
voice, games and video
Enabling implementation
technologies

Egress Friendliness
Ease of CPE installation
3.1.3 Overview of the new ITU-T standards

1 1 60
ADSL
ADSL = G.dmt = G992.1

ADSL2 = G.dmt.bis = G992.3
ADSL2
= second
generation
Main improvements:
better performance
loop diagnostics tools
Improved initialisation & fast start-up
power management
ADSL2+ = G.adslplus = G992.5

ADSL2+ is defined as delta to ADSL2
Downstream bandwidth increase by doubling the
frequency spectrum range up to 2,2 MHz
At least 16 Mbit/s should be supported
ADSL2+
= on ADSL2
RE-ADSL2 (Reach Extended ADSL2) =

G992.3 annex L
READSL2
= ADSL2 annex L

Reach Extended ADSL2

Targets: 192 kbit/s DS 96 kbit/s US on long lines (6 km
0.4mm loops)
3.1.4 ITU Standards

1 1 61
G.992.1
(G.dmt)
AnnexAA
Annex
POTS
POTS
AnnexBB
Annex
ISDN
ISDN
AnnexCC
Annex
(Japan)
(Japan)
G.992.3
(ADSL2 o G.dmt-bis)
AnnexAA
Annex
POTS
POTS
AnnexBB
Annex
ISDN
ISDN
AnnexII
Annex
AllDigital
DigitalMode
Mode(POTS
(POTScompatib)
compatib)
All
AnnexJJ
Annex
G.992.5
(ADSL2+ o plus)
AnnexAA
Annex
POTS
POTS
AnnexBB
Annex
ISDN
ISDN
AnnexII
Annex
AllDigital
DigitalMode
Mode(POTS
(POTScompatib)
compatib)
All
AnnexJJ
Annex
AllDigital
DigitalMode
Mode(ISDN
(ISDNcompatib)
compatib)
All
AllDigital
DigitalMode
Mode(ISDN
(ISDNcompatib)
compatib)
All
AnnexLL
Annex
AnnexLL
Annex
G.992.2
(G.Lite)
RE(Reach
(ReachExtended)
Extended)
RE
G.992.4
(G.Lite-bis)
UPBW-Extendida
BW-Extendida
UP

AnnexM
M
Annex
(inblank)
blank)
(in
AnnexM
M
Annex
UPBWBW-Extendida
Extendida
UP
3 xDSL Technologies
3.2 ADSL2 improvements

1 1 62
Now we are going to learn about:

the G.992.3 standard
Comparison between ADSL and ADSL2 bitrate
Improved modulation and reduced framing overhead
Power Management (Power consumption)
On-Line Reconfiguration (OLR)
Bit swapping
Fast Start-up
All Digital Mode ADSL (no underlying service)
Annex M (More upstream)
Loop Diagnostics Tools to determine field problems
Transmit Power Control. Upstream power back-off
Bonding for higher data rates

3.2.1 Differences between ADSL and ADSL2 datarates

1 1 63
Standard mandatory and upperlimit downstream datarates

Recommendation
Mandatory
downstream datarate
Standard architecture upper limit

downstream datarate
ADSL (G.992.1)
6.144 Mbps
8 Mbps
ADSL2 (G.992.3)
8 Mbps
15 Mbps
Standard mandatory and upperlimit downstream datarates

Recommendation
Mandatory upstream
datarate
Standard architecture upper limit

upstream datarate
ADSL (G.992.1)
640 Kbps
1.5 Mbps
ADSL2 (G.992.3)
800 Kbps
1,5 Mbps

3.2.2 Performance difference between ADSL and ADSL2

1 1 64
data rate increase of about 50-80 kbps
reach increase of 80m 26 AWG loop

3000
2500
ADSL downstream
ADSL2 downstream
Bit rate
(kbps)
2000
ADSL upstream
ADSL2 upstream
1500
1000
500
0
4.3
4.6
4.9
26 AWG loop (km)

5.2
5.5
3.2.3 Improved modulation and reduced framing overhead

1 1 65
The 1-bit QAM constellation provides higher data rates on long lines
where the SNR is low
In ADSL (G.992.1) the overhead bits per frame are fixed and consume
32Kbps of the payload data. For a low data rate of 128Kbps (on long
lines), this is 25% overhead
In ADSL2 the overhead bits can be programmed from 4 to 32Kbps. This
provides an additional 28Kbps for payload data

3.2.4 Power Management (Power consumption)

1 1 66
Current ADSL operates always in full-power mode, even when no user
data is transmited
ADSL2 brings in two power management modes, which reduce the
overall power mode, while maintaining the ADSL always on

functionality and reduce the overall power consumption
L0 = full power mode, used during high data traffic

L2 low-power mode: is based on the internet traffic over the ADSL
connection. For example when there is only background traffic to keep

sessions alive
L3 low-power mode: is a sleep mode when the user is not on-line. When
user returns on-line, ADSL transceiver use a FAST STARTUP (duration 3 sec),
to reinitialise and enter into showtime

3.2.5 Power Management diagram

1 1 67
Normal operation
keep alive
Sleep

3.2.6 On-Line Reconfiguration (OLR)

1 1 68
Allow changes in the control parameters without interruption of service
and without errors. Three OLR procedures:
Bit Swapping (BS), to maintain a stable margin in slowly varying line
conditions, without changing the data rates
Dynamic Rate Repartitioning (DRR), to dynamically repartition data rates
among different latency paths
Seamless Rate Adaptation (SRA), to dynamically change the total data rate
(e.g. as an alternative to re-initialisation when sudden large changes in line

conditions would drop the SNR margin below the minimum required

3.2.7 Bit swapping explained

1 1 69
Bits/carrier
A lower SNR also lowers our max QAM

(the number of bits on those carriers)
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
Current max. bits/carrier
Current used bits/carrier
Carriers
Affected frequencies

3.2.7 Bit swapping explained [cont.]

1 1 70
Bits/carrier
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1

Current max. bits/carrier
Current used bits/carrier
Carriers
3.2.8 Seamless Rate Adaptation (SRA) - details

1 1 71
Kbps
ADSL
Kbps
Radio
interference
ADSL2
Radio
interference
Radio
interference
Back to
original rate
Radio
interference
SRA
Reduced rate
forever
time
Reduced
rate
SRA
time
Modem reset
Initialization of 10 sec
Changes in the crosstalk levels in the binder can cause an ADSL
system to drop the connection

ADSL2 addresses these problems by seamlessly adapting the data in
real time
SRA changes the data rate of the connection while in operation
without any service interruption or bit errors
3.2.9 Fast Start-up

1 1 72
Reduce the initialization time from 10 sec (G.992.1 ADSL) to 3 sec

Allow ATUs to quickly enter Showtime:
From a L3 power management state
In case of error during Showtime
Data Rate fine tuning in Showtime

Following a Fast Start-up, Seamless Rate Adaptation (SRA) should be
implemented, to optimise the ATU settings. This is because the fast

estimates made during this short training phase will be most of the times not
be optimal

3.2.10 All Digital Mode ADSL (no underlying service)

1 1 73
ADSL (G.992.1) carry data in overlay with POTS or ISDN

All Digital Loop: no reservation of the lower part of the spectrum for
POTS or ISDN. Two modes are defined:
ADSL2 Annex I for spectral compatibility with ADSL over POTS. Extended
upstream frequency bandwidth using 32 tones (tones 1-31 instead of 6-31

for ADSL over POTS)
ADSL2 Annex J for Spectral Compatibility with ADSL over ISDN. Extended
upstream frequency bandwidth using maximum 64 tones (tone 1-63

instead of 28-63 for ADSL over ISDN)
An All Digital Loop mode adds 100/750 Kbps of extra upstream data
rate

3.2.10 All Digital Mode ADSL (no underlying service) [cont.]

1 1 74
All Digital Loop: extend the upstream bandwidth

ADSL2 Annex I:
Upstream tones 1-31 instead of 6-31 for ADSL over POTS

e.g. 100 kbps extra upstream
ADSL2 Annex J:
Upstream tones 1-63 instead of 28-63 for ADSL over ISDN

e.g. 750 kbps extra upstream
POTS/
ISDN
UP
UP

DOWN
DOWN
3.2.11 Annex M (More upstream)

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ADSL2 Annex M
Upstream up to tone 64
Upstream bitrates up to 3 Mbps
POTS
UP

DOWN
3.2.12 Loop Diagnostics Tools to determine field problems

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ADSL
trouble-shooting / performance monitoring is a challenge!
ADSL2 transceivers have extensive diagnostic capabilities:

Collecting measurements at the beginning:
comparable with the Alcatel Golden ATU
Measurements of:
loop attenuation (US & DS)
Quiet line noise (US & DS)
Signal-to-Noise Ratio (US & DS)
In-service (show-time) monitoring:
line quality and noise conditions at both ends of the line: signal attenuation, SNR margin,
attainable net data rate, SNR
comparable with the Alcatel Golden ATU.
Special non-show-time diagnostic-testing mode:
This mode can be entered under operator control

3.2.13 Transmit Power Control. Upstream power back-off: why?

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strong Rx signal; weak FEXT signal from long loop

FEXT--
FEXT++
weak Rx signal; strong FEXT signal from short loop
Close-by CPE disturbs signal from far-away CPE

Solution: weaken transmit signal of close-by user by upstream
power back-off (UPBO)

On a short loop, this will normally not influence the service.

3.2.14 xDSL power backoff

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strong Rx signal
weaker Rx signal
Lower Tx power
FEXT++
FEXT--
Long loop
Long loop
Power backoff: specify maximum receive aggregate power level

xTU-C informs xTU-R in case Rx power level too high
xTU-R will then lower its output power
This results in a lower FEXT

3.2.15 Bonding for higher data rates

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Higher data rates by bonding two or more copper pairs together

Bonding mechanism: ATM bonding

ADSL 1
ATM
BONDING
ADSL2
ADSL x
3.2.16 Downstream rate for bonding 2 lines

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3.2.17 ADSL2 Summary

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ADSL2 will improve the ADSL rate and reach on long lines
ADSL2 get more robust in the presence of narrow band interference on long
lines
This is done via improvements on:

Modulation and codification efficiency
Enabling enhanced signal processing algorithm
Reducing framing overhead
All digital Mode
Fast start-up
Loop diagnostics
On-Line configuration
Power management
Existing ITU G.992.1 & 2 ADSL standards remain in force

3 xDSL Technologies
3.3 ADSL2+
1 1 82
Now we are going to learn about:

the G.992.5 standard
ADSL2+ doubles the frequency spectrum

ADSL2+ characteristics
Overview of downstream data rates
ADSL2+ used to improve spectral compatibility

3.3.1 ADSL2+ doubles the frequency spectrum

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3.3.2 ADSL2+ characteristics

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ADSL2+ : downstream frequencies up to 2.2 MHz (512 carriers)

Increased downstream data rates on shorter lines (in Mbps):
distance
ADSL
ADSL2+
Remote
ADSL2+
0.5 km
14.5
12.0
1.0 km
7.4
13
10.0
2.0 km
6.2
10
7.2
3.0 km
5.5
5.9
3.5
4.0 km
3.0
3.0
1.0
5.0 km
1.0
1.0
Improved spectral compatibility between CO and remote cabinet

3.3.3 ADSL2+ doubles the max. data rate

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3.3.4 Overview of downstream data rates (ADSL2+ added)

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Standard architecture upper

limit downstream datarate
ADSL (G.992.1)
Mandatory
downstream
datarate
6.144 Mbps
ADSL2 (G.992.3)
8 Mbps
15 Mbps
ADSL2+ (G.992.5)
16 Mbps
24,5 Mbps
Recommendatio
n

8 Mbps
3.3.5 ADSL2+ used to improve spectral compatibility

1 1 87

Summary
1 1 88
In this module we have learned:

the basic concepts of ATM
The ADSL technology:
Basic concepts regarding ADSL
Basic technology
ADSL Modulation
Error Correction
Standards
The new standards xDSL:
ADSL2
ADSL2+
READSL2

1 1 89
End of Module
ATM-ADSL-ADSL2-ADSL2+


ATM XDSL

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11

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Alcatel-Lucent 1540 Litespan - R2.7 Introduction to ATM-ADSL-ADSL2-ADSL2+

To acquire the knowledge of the basic concepts

regarding the following technologies:

Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)

Alcatel-Lucent 1540 Litespan - R2.7

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1 Introduction to Asynchronous Transfer

Alcatel-Lucent 1540 Litespan - R2.7

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1 Introduction to Asynchronous Transfer Mode

1.1 ATM Network

Subnetwork of routers (links no ATM)

UNI : User to Network Interface

Alcatel-Lucent 1540 Litespan - R2.7

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1 Introduction to Asynchronous Transfer Mode

1.2 ATM Flow

Alcatel-Lucent 1540 Litespan - R2.7

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1 Introduction to Asynchronous Transfer Mode

1.3 Table of connections

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1 Introduction to Asynchronous Transfer Mode

VPI/VCI: Connections Identifiers. VCI<32

GFC: Generic Flow Control.

(reserved by ATM) and VCI >=32 (data)

C=1 If it is the last cell or =0 if not

B=0 No congestion B=1 Congestion

Alcatel-Lucent 1540 Litespan - R2.7

Cell Loss Priority

HEC: Header Error Control. Has the CRC used for

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1 Introduction to Asynchronous Transfer Mode

1.5 VP and VC Connections

Alcatel-Lucent 1540 Litespan - R2.7

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1 Introduction to Asynchronous Transfer Mode

1.6 Examples of VP and VC connections

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1 Introduction to Asynchronous Transfer Mode

1.7 PVC and SVC

Semi-permanent Connections (PVC):

Switched Connections (SVC):

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1 Introduction to Asynchronous Transfer Mode

1.8 Tasks in the UNI and NNI layers

Transmission Convergence (TC):

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1 Introduction to Asynchronous Transfer Mode

1.9 ATM Adaptation layer 5: AAL5

End part added

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2 Introduction to Asymmetric Digital

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2 Introduction to Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL)

2.1 Basic concepts regarding ADSL

The basic concepts are: