You are on page 1of 24

Oct.

19,
2015

Organic Chemistry, 4th Edition


Chap 18
parts 2
Modified by:
Dr. JGHofilena

Janice Gorzynski Smith


University of Hawaii

Chapter 18
Lecture Outline
Prepared by Layne A. Morsch
The University of Illinois - Springfield

1
Copyright 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Substituent Effects

Inductive Effects
Resonance Effects
Electron-Withdrawing Resonance Effects
Inductive and Resonance Effects

Inductive Effects
Considering inductive effects only, the NH2 group withdraws
electron density and CH3 donates electron density.

Resonance Effects
Resonance effects are only observed with
substituents containing lone pairs or bonds.

Electron-Donating Resonance Effects


An electron-donating resonance effect is observed whenever
an atom Z having a lone pair of electrons is directly bonded to
a benzene ring.

Makes the ring more reactive to E+

Electron-Withdrawing Resonance
Effects

An electron-withdrawing resonance effect is observed in


substituted benzenes having the general structure C6H5-Y=Z,
where Z is more electronegative than Y.
Because three of the resonance structures place a positive
charge on a carbon atom of the benzene ring, the CHO group
withdraws electrons from the benzene ring by a resonance
effect.

Inductive and Resonance Effects


To predict whether a substituted benzene is more or less
electron rich than benzene itself, we must consider the net
balance of both the inductive and resonance effects.
Alkyl groups donate electrons by an inductive effect, but they
have no resonance effect because they lack nonbonded
electron pairs or bonds.
Thus, any alkyl-substituted benzene is more electron rich
than benzene itself.
The same analysis can be done with groups other than alkyl.

Electron-Donating and ElectronWithdrawing Groups


These compounds represent examples of the general structural
features in electron-donating and electron-withdrawing
substituents.

Substituent Effects on Electrophilic


Aromatic Substitution
Electrophilic aromatic substitution is a general reaction of all
aromatic compounds, including polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons, heterocycles, and substituted benzene
derivatives.
A substituent affects two aspects of the electrophilic aromatic
substitution reaction:
1. The rate of the reaction: A substituted benzene reacts
faster or slower than benzene itself.
2. The orientation: The new group is located either ortho,
meta, or para to the existing substituent.
The identity of the first substituent determines the
position of the second incoming substituent.

Ortho, Para DirectorsActivators


Toluene reacts faster than benzene in all substitution
reactions.
The electron-donating CH3 group activates the benzene ring
to electrophilic attack.
Ortho and para products predominate.
The CH3 group is called an ortho, para director.

10

Meta DirectorsDeactivators
Nitrobenzene reacts more slowly than benzene in all
substitution reactions.
The electron-withdrawing NO2 group deactivates the benzene
ring to electrophilic attack.
The meta product predominates.
The NO2 group is called a meta director.

11

Categorizing Directors and Activators


All substituents can be divided into three general types:

12

Categorizing Directors and Activators


Halogens are in a class by themselves.

Halogen-containing Ring reacts slower than benzene.

13

Categorizing Directors and Activators

14

Characteristics of Ortho and Para Directors


and Meta Directors

15

Mechanism of
Activation/Deactivation
To understand how substituents activate or deactivate the ring,
we must consider the first step in electrophilic aromatic
substitution.

The first step involves addition of the electrophile (E+) to form a


resonance-stabilized carbocation.
The Hammond postulate makes it possible to predict the relative
rate of the reaction by looking at the stability of the carbocation
intermediate.

16

Energy Diagrams Comparing Substitution


Rates

The energy diagrams below illustrate the effect of electronwithdrawing and electron-donating groups on the transition state
energy of the rate-determining step.

Figure 18.6 Energy diagrams comparing the rate of electrophilic substitution of substituted benzenes

17

Summary: Activators and Deactivators

18

Orientation Effects in Substituted


Benzenes

There are two general types of ortho, para


directors and one general type of meta director.
All ortho, para directors are R groups or have a
nonbonded electron pair on the atom bonded to
the benzene ring.
All meta directors have a full or partial positive
charge on the atom bonded to the benzene ring.

19

Determining Directing Effects


To evaluate the effects of a given substituent, we can use the
following stepwise procedure:

20

Optional

Methyl Carbocation Stabilization

A CH3 group directs electrophilic attack ortho and para to itself


because an electron-donating inductive effect stabilizes the
carbocation intermediate.

21

Optional

Amine Carbocation Stabilization

An NH2 group directs electrophilic attack ortho and para to itself


because the carbocation intermediate has additional resonance
stabilization.

22

Optional

Nitro Carbocation Stabilization

With the NO2 group (and all meta directors) meta attack occurs
because attack at the ortho and para position gives a
destabilized carbocation intermediate.

23

Summary of Reactivity and Directing Effects

24
Figure 18.7

You might also like