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Smooth surface:
2
f 0.790 1n Re D 1.64
Surface of roughness e 0 :
f Figure 8.3
Noncircular Tubes:
Use of hydraulic diameter as characteristic length:
4A
Dh c
P
Since the local convection coefficient varies around the periphery of a tube,
approaching zero at its corners, correlations for the fully developed region
are associated with convection coefficients averaged over the periphery
of the tube.
Laminar Flow:
The local Nusselt number is a constant whose value (Table 8.1) depends on
the surface thermal condition Ts or qs and the duct aspect ratio.
Turbulent Flow:
As a first approximation, the Dittus-Boelter or Gnielinski correlation may be used
with the hydraulic diameter, irrespective of the surface thermal condition.
Entry Region
The manner in which the Nusselt decays from inlet to fully developed conditions
for laminar flow depends on the nature of thermal and velocity boundary layer
development in the entry region, as well as the surface thermal condition.
Laminar flow in a
circular tube.
1/ 3
/ s
0.14
2:
Re D Pr
L/D
1/ 3
Nu D 1.86
Re D Pr/ L / D
1/ 3
/ s
Nu D 3.66
Thermal Entry Length:
Nu D 3.66
0.14
0.14
2:
0.0668 D / L Re D Pr
1 0.04 D / L Re D Pr
2/3
Turbulent Flow:
As a first approximation, correlations for a circular tube may be used
with D replaced by Dh .
When determining Nu D for any tube geometry or flow condition, all
properties are to be evaluated at
T m Tm ,i Tm , o / 2
Why do solutions to internal flow problems often require iteration?
Annulus
Annulus (cont)
Nui
hi Dh
k
Nuo
ho Dh
k
Dh Do Di
Fully Developed Laminar Flow
Nusselt numbers depend on Di / Do and surface thermal conditions (Tables 8.2, 8.3)
Fully Developed Turbulent Flow
Correlations for a circular tube may be used with D replaced by Dh .
m 0.01 kg / s
70
67
69.8
65
66
64
63
62
69.6
69.4
69.2
61
69
60
0.005
0.006
0.007
0.008
0.009
0.01
0.01
0.011
0.02
0.04
0.05
0.04
0.05
0.03
9500
1600
1500
7500
Heat rate, q(W)
1400
1300
1200
1100
5500
3500
1000
900
1500
800
0.005
0.006
0.007
0.008
0.009
0.01
0.011
0.01
0.02
0.03
Mass flowrate, mdot(kg/s)
1
1
h i h o
U 1
Nu D
hi D
0.023Re 4 / 5 Pr 0.3
Di
k
58.4 103 W m K
4/5
hi
0.023 33,827
0.712 0.3 10.2 W m 2 K
0.5 m
560
550
540
530
520
2
10