Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Resear
ch...
has never
been this
fun and
Review of Related
Literature:
Is the meat of research - the foundation of the research
manuscript and barometer of the extent of materials collected,
read, analyzed or referenced (Amorado, 2013).
Is a process of collecting, selecting and reading reference
materials including online resourcesto get relevant information
about the problem under investigation (David, 2002).
Is a synthesis the combining of often varied and
diverse ideas, forces or factors into coherent or consistent
complex of the literature on a topic (Pan, 2004).
Shows balance between the researchers ideas and concepts,
and the existing literature properly referenced by
attribution or citation.
Review of Related
Literature:
Resonation
The problem of corruption has now been more recognized
than in the past as one of the intractable conflict drivers in
the Philippines (Alejo 2010). This is further exacerbated
because conflict and post-conflict situations can provide a
very fertile ground for corruption and a host of anomalies
and irregularities that undermine peace and development
initiatives in conflict-affected countries (Adriano, 2009;
Amorado, 2008; Bolongaita, 2005; Johnston, 2010).
Review of Related
Literature:
Compare (likeness) and Contrast (difference)
Some forms of social capital networks emerge as comparable
features: bridge, liaison, star and isolate (Allen, 1976); coalition,
clique and factions (Boissevain, 1978); hub, gatekeeper and pulse
taker (Stephenson, 1998); knot and knotwork, subnet and core
group (Nardi et al., 2000); dyad, triad, sub-group and group (Prell,
2002); and spoke (Krebs, 2004). However, these forms and
structures move in contrasting fashion when it comes to their
sources of power, specifically in terms of morphological power
and interactional power (Mitchell, 1969); strong ties and weak ties
(Granovetter, 1973, 1978); strength, reciprocity, symmetricality,
multiplicity, and appropriateness of behavior (Waldstrom2001);
and betweeness and closeness (Krebs 2004).
Review of Related
Literature:
Resonate and Debunk
There are two emerging views on social capital as it relates
to the issue of corruption. On one hand, social capital is an
effective tool to combat corruption (Bjornskov, 2004). But on
the other hand, social capital is in fact a promotion of
corruption (Putnam, 2000).
Review of Related
Literature:
Converge and Diverge
Networks and associations are the foundations of social capital,
widely accepted and upheld of its value that yields to beneficial
effects - known as the social good - to society (Granovetter,
1973,1983; Boissevain, 1974; Bourdieu, 1985; Coleman, 1990;
Putnam, 1993, 2000; Zimicki, 2000; Lin, 2001; Uslaner, 2001).
However, many advanced the idea of a different kind of social
capital, one that is detrimental to society known as the social
bad that goes against the very intent of its beneficial value to
society (Henderson, 1999; Bertrand, 2000; Zimicki 2000;
McGuire, 2000; Carroll 2001; Rey et. al., 2001)
Review of Related
Literature:
Departure
Alejo echoed that many conflicts and much violence today
originate in corruption and bad governance (2012). This
focus requires expertise and a deep spirituality of integrity.
However, Kpundehs (2008) view that disregarded
corruption being caused by leadership failure as a result of
moral failing of politicians, bureaucrats and businessmen is
more useful to consider corruption as a political and
economic phenomenon.
Theoretical Framework:
A theory or proposition to which the study is
anchored upon or has found its position
One that is directly-related to the theme or
subject matter being discussed
Sets the tone and shapes the direction of the
study
Conceptual Framework:
Types of Variables:
Dependent variable (Criterion variable)
is the focus or primary interest of the researcher
subject to understand, to describe, to explain or to predict
Organizational
effectiveness
Types of Variables:
Moderating variable
is one that has a strong contingent effect on the independentdependent variable
without it, the causal relationship will not hold true
Intervening variable
is the factor that surfaces between the time the independent variable
starts affecting the dependent variable
works in the service of the independent variable
explains how independent variable affects dependent variable
Workforce
diversity
Creative
Synergy
Managerial
Expertise
Organizational
effectiveness
Research design:
Research Type or Nature
Quantitative
Qualitative
Innovation (Capstone Project)
Creative Art
Describe the design and its
appropriateness to the study
Research design:
Research design:
Research design:
Research design:
Research design:
Traditions of Qualitative Research
Ethnography/
Anthropology
Phenomenolog
y/
Ethnomethodol
ogy
Research design:
Traditions of Qualitative Research
Symbolic
Interactionism
Research design:
CLASSES OF QUALITATIVE
RESEARCH
ETHNOGRAPHY
BIOGRAPHICAL
CASE STUDY
PHENOMENOLOGICAL
GROUNDED THEORY
CONTENT ANALYSIS
Research design:
Make sure to define your
research design backed
with literature
Research design:
Quantitative
Qualitative
Focus
Design
Focus
Design
Relationship/
Influence
Correlation
Lived
experiences
Phenomenolog
y
Describing/
Factors
Descriptive
Exploratory
Describing/
Insights
Descriptive
Case Study
Impact/Effect
Experimental
Cultural/Ethnic
Ethnography
Efficiency
Data
Envelopment
Analysis
Life
Biographical
Perspective
Anthropological
Research Method:
Survey
Document Analysis
Interview
Observation
FGD
Data Content Analysis
Discourse Analysis
Research respondents:
Description of respondents (who)
Context or setting (where)
Sampling size (how many)
Sampling design (how were they
selected)
Address the issue of informed
consent (ethic concern)
Sampling Technique:
Simple random sampling
all elements in the population are considered and
each element has an equal chance of being chosen
Systematic sampling
every nth element in the population is chosen
starting from a random point
Sampling Technique:
Cluster sampling
groups that have heterogeneous members are first
identified; then some are chosen at random
Area sampling
cluster sampling within a particular area or locality
Double sampling
same sample or a subset of the sample is studied
twice
Convenience sampling
most easily accessible members are chosen as
subjects
Sampling Technique:
Purposive sampling:
(samples are taken based on a set criteria)
Judgment sampling
respondents are selected on the basis of their
expertise in the subject investigated
Quota sampling
respondents are conveniently chosen from targeted
groups according to some predetermined number or
quota
Sampling Technique:
Sampling Size:
sample size)
Research instrument:
Description of the instrument
Form
Scaling
Validation and reliability issue
Interpretation table
Details of the manufacturer, calibration criteria and
recording settings (for equipment)
questionnaire
test
interview
observation schedule
checklist
Constructed
Adopted
Modified
Research instrument:
Validation of the instrument
3 expert validators
Validation package:
Form
Statement of the Problem
Survey questionnaire / checklist / guide questionnaire
Scale:
Scale:
Ordinal Scale
is used to rank the preferences or usage of various
brands of a product by individuals and to rank order
individuals, objects, or events
Legend: 1 being the most used system
0 is not used
_____ Apple
_____ Compaq
_____ Copm USA
_____ Dell computer
_____ Gateway
_____ Hewlett-packard
_____ IBM
_____ Sony
_____ Toshiba
_____ Other (specify)
Scale:
Interval Scale
is used when responses to various items that
measure a variable can be tapped on a five-point (or
any other number of points) scale
Types:
1.Likert Scale (degree of agreement or disagreement)
2.Semantic Differential Scale (attitude towards bipolar attributes)
3.Numerical Scale (same with semantic differential but uses numbers)
4.Itemized Rating Scale (same with likert scale but other than agreement
or disagreement to item statement)
5.Fixed or Constant Sum Scale (distribution of a given number of points
across various items)
Item statement
Strongly
Disagree
Disagre
e
1
2
My job offers me a chance to
test myself and my abilities
Neither
agree
nor
disagree
3
Agree
Strongly
agree
Scale:
Responsive
Unresponsive
Beautiful
Ugly
Extremely
Displeased
Extremely
Pleased
Item statement
Not at All
Interested
1
1
Somewha
t
Intereste
d
2
Moderatel
y
Intereste
d
3
100
Very
Much
Intereste
d
4
_____
_____
Scale:
Ratio Scale
overcomes the disadvantage of the arbitrary origin of
interval scale. It has an absolute zero point.
it measures not only the magnitude of the differences
between points on the scale but also taps the proportions in
the difference
Example:
1.How many other organizations did you work for before
joining the institution?
2.Please indicate the number of children you have in each of
the following categories:
___ below 3 years of age ___ over 6 years but under 12
___ between 3 and 6
___ 12 years and over
3. How many retail outlets do you operate? ___
DISADVANTAGES
Telephone Interviews
ADVANTAGES
Less costly and speedier than
personal interviews
Can reach a wide geographic area
Greater anonymity than personal
interviews
DISADVANTAGES
Nonverbal cues cannot be read
Interviews will have to be kept short
Regular updating of contact
numbers
DISADVANTAGES
Mail Questionnaire
ADVANTAGES
Anonymity is high
Wide geographic regions can be
reached Token gifts can be enclosed
to seek compliance
Respondent can take more time to
respond at convenience
DISADVANTAGES
Response rate is almost always low
Cannot clarify questions
Follow-up procedures for nonresponses are nececessary
Easy to administer
Can reach globally
Very inexpensive
Fast delivery
Respondents can answer at their
convenience
DISADVANTAGES
EMERGENT
Not biased to
responses.
Considers all
answers,
thoughts and
feelings of the
participants
Statistical tool:
Frequency (nominal, ordinal)
Percentage (nominal, ordinal)
Central limit theorem - mean, median, mode (interval, ratio)
Standard deviation (interval, ratio)
T-test (test of difference between 2 groups nominal to interval,
ratio)
Anova /F-test (test of difference among multiple groups nominal to interval, ratio)
Chi-square (test of relationship nominal to nominal)
Fisher exact probability test (test of relationship nominal to
nominal )
Cochran Q test (test of relationship nominal to nominal)
Statistical tool:
Pearson-r (test of relationship interval, ratio)
Kendalls rank (test of relationship ordinal to ordinal)
Spearmans rank (test of relationship ordinal to ordinal)
Multiple regression (test of relationship multiple predictor
variables interval, ratio)
Time-series (trending/forecasting nominal, ordinal)
Factor analysis (nominal, ordinal)
Dependent Variable
Statistical Tool
One - nominal
One nominal
Chi-square
Cochran Q test
Fisher exact
probability
One nominal
One ordinal
Sign test
Median test
Mann-Whitney U test
Kruskal Wallis 1way analysis of
variance
One nominal
One interval
Anova
One nominal
Multiple interval
Multiple discriminant
analysis
One ordinal
One - ordinal
Spearmans rank
Kendalls rank
One ordinal
One interval
Anova
Dependent Variable
Statistical Tool
Multiple nominal
One ordinal
Friedman 2-way
analysis of variance
Multiple nominal
One interval
Anova
Multiple nominal
Multiple interval
Anova
Multiple interval
One nominal
Anova
Multiple discriminant
Multiple interval
One interval
Regression analysis
Multiple Regression
analysis
Multiple interval
Multiple nominal
Anova
Multiple interval
Multiple ordinal
Multiple discriminant
analysis
Multiple interval
Multiple interval
Multiple Regression
analysis
Canonical correlation
Qualitative Research:
Chapter 2:
Review of Related Literature
Theoretical Lens
Chapter 3:
Method
Study Design
Study Participants and Selection Process
Phases of Exploration
Role of the Researchers
Trustworthiness of the Study
Ethical Consideration
Thank You!