Chapter 2:

Matter & Change

Matter

Anything that has mass &

take up space
Mass = measurement of the
amount of matter an object
contains
Chemistry = the study of
matter & the changes that
it undergoes

Classifying Matter

Quantitative
numerical information
how much, how little,
how big, how small

Qualitative
descriptive information
condition, color, size,
shape, odor, texture

Properties of Matter
1. Extensive a property that depends on the amount of
matter in a sample
ex. mass, volume, amount of energy
2. Intensive a property that depends on the type of
matter in a sample
ex. hardness, density, boiling point, electrical
conductivity
Substance matter that has uniform & unchanging
composition
has identical intensive properties Why?
because every sample has the same composition

3. Physical Properties a characteristic that can be observed or

measured
w/out changing the identity of a substance

ex. color, odor, taste, hardness, density, melting/boiling points,

state of matter
States of Matter the physical forms in which all matter
exists on Earth

Can you identify these 3 states?

Solid

def. shape
& volume
shape
independent of
container
particles are
packed together

Liquid

def. volume
shape depends
on container
particles can
move freely

Gas

indefinite volume &

shape
particles move quickly
& spread apart

Physical Changes a change that occurs in the

physical appearance of a substance, but does
not change its identity
Ex. melting, boiling, freezing, evaporating,
dissolving, condensing
breaking, splitting, grinding,
cutting, crushing

4. Chemical Properties relates to a substances

ability to undergo changes that transform it into a
different substance
easiest to see when a chemical is reacting
Chemical changes a change that produces
matter with a different composition than the
original matter

ex. burning, rotting, rusting,

reacting, cooking, digestion,
respiration

Mixtures

A combination of 2 or more types of matter

Each component keeps its own identity & properties
Components are only physically mixed & can be
separated using physical means

Cinnamon & Sugar

Chicken noodle soup

Air

Types of Mixtures
1. Heterogeneous mixture a mixture in which the substances are
distributed

not evenly

Oil & vinegar

Salad

Ice tea
with ice

2. Homogeneous mixture
a mixture or solution in which the
substances are evenly distributed
Water

Kool-Aid

Stainless Steel

Phase used to describe any part of a sample

with uniform composition & properties
Homogeneous mixture

Heterogeneous mixture

1 phase

2 phases

Separating Mixtures
Plays on differences in physical properties
1. Filtration a technique that uses a porous barrier to separate a solid from
a liquid

Can you think of any

common applications?

2. Distillation a technique that can be

used to physically separate most
homogeneous mixtures based on
differences in the boiling points of the
substances involved

3. Chromatography a technique that is

used to physically separate the components of
a mixture based on the
tendency of each
component to travel or
be drawn across the
surface of another material

Pure Substances

Every sample has same:

characteristic

properties

composition

Are made of:

one

type of atom: element

Ex: iron, gold, oxygen

or more types of atoms: compound

Ex: salt, sugar, water

Which are pure substances?

Element

Simplest form of matter that has its own unique

set of properties
Can not be separated into simpler substances
by physical or chemical means
Each element is made up of a single type of
atom
ex. hydrogen, nitrogen, lead

Compound

A substance that contains 2 or more elements

chemically combined in a fixed proportion
Properties are different than the individual
elements
ex. Glucose (sugar)

Glucose sweet, white solid

Carbon black, tasteless solid
Oxygen colorless, tasteless gas
Hydrogen colorless, tasteless gas

Breaking Down Compounds

Physical methods do not work

Recall
Chemical changes a change that produces
matter with a different composition than the
original matter

Substances vs. Mixtures

Symbols & Formulas

Chemical Symbol
each element is represented by a one- or
two-letter symbol
H

Au

H2O

C6H12O6

Hydrogen

Potassium

Gold

Water

Glucose

Trends:
1st letter = always capitalized
2nd letter = always lowercase
Subscripts = indicate the relative proportions of the elements
in a compound

Chemical Reactions

The process by which the atoms of one or more

substances are rearranged to form different
substances
Occurrence can be indicated by changes in
temperature, color, odor, & physical state
Also known as a chemical change
Chemical properties can only be observed when
a substance undergoes a chemical change

The process of photosynthesis is a chemical

reaction in which light energy, carbon dioxide
and water, are transformed to create glucose
and oxygen.

The photosynthetic chemical reaction can be

shown by writing out the element symbols for
each compound.

Reactants

Products

substances to the left of the

arrow
ingredients
CO2 and H2O

substances to the right of

the arrow
what is made or produced
C6H12O6 and O2

Recognizing Chemical Changes

How can you tell whether a chemical change
has taken place?
1. Transfer of energy
Energy may be given off
in the form of heat or light
2. Change in color
Substances may
brown
Indicators

3. Precipitate
A solid that settles
out of a liquid mixture
4. Gas production
Indicated by the formation
of gas bubbles

Conservation of Matter

During any chemical reaction, the mass of the

products is always equal to the mass of the
reactants

+ O2

+ CO2 + H2O vapor

Conservation of mass also applies to

physical changes

10g of ice

10g of liquid H2O

Law of Conservation of Mass

In any physical or chemical change, mass
is conserved
i.e. Mass is neither created or destroyed