PUMPS & COMPRESSORS

Prof.SudjitoSoeparman

Lecture Hand-out
Mechanical Engineering
Brawijaya University
2014

I. INTRODUCTION

Definition: Devices used to transfer fluids to different place,

higher head, or higher pressure. They convert mechanical
energy into hydraulic energy: pressure (p), kinetic energy (v2/2),
and head (h).
Pumps: transfer liquids (incompressible).
Compressors: transfer gasses (compressible).
Can be classified by energy conversion system: dynamic and
positive displacement pump or compressor.
Dynamic system: converts mechanical energy into kinetic
energy to force fluids by impeller.
Positive displacement system: mechanical energy forced
fluid by volume changes within closed cavity, from inlet ports to
the outlet.

I. Dynamic Pump
A. Rotary
1. Centrifugal or radial exit flow
2. Axial flow
3. Mixed flow (between radial and axial)
B. Special designs
1. Jet pump or ejector
2. Electromagnetic pumps for liquid metals
3. Fluid-actuated: gas lift or hydraulic ram

II. Positive Displacement Pumps

A. Reciprocating
1. Piston or plunger
2. Diaphragm
B. Rotary
1. Single rotor
a. Sliding vane
b. Flexible tube or lining
c. Screw
d. Peristaltic (wave contraction)
2. Multiple rotors
a. Gear
b. Lobe
c. Screw
d. Circumferential piston

1.1. Centrifugal Pump

Radial flow

Mixed flow

Axial flow

Single
stage
Single
Suction
Pump

Single
stage
Double
Suction
Pump

Multi
stages
Pump

1.2. Special Design

Pumps
Ejector

Heart: Diafraghm
Pump
2,000 gallons (7,571
liters)
about 100,000 times
daily
flowing through the
60,000 miles of blood
vessels

2. Positive Displacement
Pumps
(a) reciprocating piston or plunger,
(b) external gear pump,
(c) Doublescrew pump,
(d) sliding vane,
(e) three-lobe pump,
( f ) double circumferential piston,
(g) flexibletube squeegee.

Applications of Dynamics and Positive

Displacement Pumps

Parameter

Centrifugal Pumps

Reciprocating Pumps

Rotary Pumps

Medium/High Capacity,
Low/Medium Pressure

Low Capacity,
High Pressure

Low/Medium Capacity,
Low/Medium Pressure

100,000+ GPM

10,000+ GPM

10,000+ GPM

No

Yes

Yes

6,000+ PSI

100,000+ PSI

4,000+ PSI

No

Yes

Yes

Smooth or Pulsating Flow

Smooth

Pulsating

Smooth

Variable or Constant Flow

Variable

Constant

Constant

No

Yes

Yes

Space Considerations

Requires Less Space

Requires More Space

Requires Less Space

Costs

Lower Initial
Lower Maintenance
Higher Power

Higher Initial
Higher Maintenance
Lower Power

Lower Initial
Lower Maintenance
Lower Power

Suitable for a wide range including

clean, clear, non-abrasive fluids to
fluids with abrasive, high-solid
content.

Suitable for clean, clear, nonabrasive fluids. Specially-fitted

pumps suitable for abrasiveslurry service.

Requires clean, clear, nonabrasive fluid due to close

tolerances

Not suitable for high viscosity fluids

Suitable for high viscosity fluids

Optimum performance with

high viscosity fluids

Lower tolerance for entrained gases

Higher tolerance for entrained

gases

Higher tolerance for entrained

gases

Optimum Flow and Pressure

Applications
Maximum Flow Rate
Low Flow Rate Capability
Maximum Pressure
Requires Relief Valve

Self-priming

Fluid Handling

II. CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS

From Fluids Mechanics: Frank White

2.1. Energy Conversion Process

Eloss

in

out

Ehydrauic, in
Ehyd, out
Emech, in
Pump
Energy Conservation Law
in = Eout + Elosses + Usyst
Pump is an open system : Usyst = 0, and for ideal case:
Elosses = 0
Then, the energy equation for the pump.
Ehyd,in + Emech,in = Ehyd,out, or, Emech,in = Ehyd,out
Ehyd,in, or:

(2.1)

Where: h is static enthalpy, which h= u + P/ , and since there

is no difference of fluid temperature: uout uin = 0, the
equation (2.1) becomes,
(2.2)

Total hydraulic energy (H) is:

(2.3)
Then eq (2.2) may be writen as,,

(2.4)
The change of hydraulic energy (H) is called the head of the
pump, and it is often symbolized simply as H.

2.2. Pump Efficiency.

Equation (2.3) represents the ideal operation of pump,

which the total energy input from the driver is 100%
converted into hydraulic energy.

In actual cases the energy input is always less than the

output:

(2.5)

Then the pump overall efficiency will be,

(2.6)
Equation (2.6) could be rewriten as,
(2.7)
Then equation (2.6) indicating three losses of the

Where is losses of liquid due to the leakage.

And the overall losses of pump : = m.h. v
(2.8)

Impeller of centrifugal pump rotates on its axis, and the

centrifugal force drives the liquid within the impeller from the
inlet to the outlet. The velocity at the inlet V1 increases to V2 at
2.2.
Flows
Liduid
in the
the outlet
due toof
the
centrifugal
force.Impeller
V1 and V2 are the
vector sum of blade angular velocity u1 and u2 and relative
velocity w1 and w2 respectively, to form velocity diagram as
shown in the figure next page.
The velocity diagram could be used to calculate the torque
applied to rotate the impeller that produced the flow within the
impeller.

Where,

(2.9)

The power to drive

the impeller is the
torque times the
radius, and the pump
head is the power
divided by the mass
flow rate as follows:

(2.10)
Equation (2.10) is Euler
Head or ideal head for
Using the velovity diagrams on inlet and
outlet we get the
pump
relations,

Subtituting to equation (2.10) becomes:

The pump power could be related to radial component of

velocity: Vn,

Where: b1 1nd b2 are the width of impeller at inlet and

outlet.

Effect of blade angle on pumps head.

The blade angle at inlet is usually 90, so Vt1=0, then from first
equation (2.10)

And the theoretical head from second equation of (2.10)

(2.12)
It can be seen from equation (2.12), that the pumps head
depends on Q and the blade angle 2 only for the same shaft

Example II.2:

Also calculate the

same problem if
the pump rotates clockwise.

Solution: !. Counter clockwise rotation.

u1 = r1.1 = r1.2.n/60 = 9,42 m/det.
u2 = r2.2 = r2.2.n/60 = 15,7 m/det.
1 = 90o; from the velocity diagram at inlet: V1 = Vn1=
u1.tan40o = 7,9 m/det
Q = 2.r1.b1.Vn1 = 0,45 m3/det.
Vn2V1=V
= Q/(2.r2.b2)
= 1,19 m/det.
w1
V2
n1
Vn
40
2
2
o
u1
u2
From the velocity diagram at outlet: w2=Vn2/sin 30o =
1,19/sin30o = 2,38
Vt2 = u2 + w2cos30o = 15,7 + 2,38 . 1/2V2 =
H = 1/g.u2.Vt2 =
2. Clock wise rotation: u1 and u2 are the same as in the
CCW rotation,
but opposite direction. Vn1 and Vn2 are also
w1
V1=V
V2 w2
the same as the CCW direction.
n1
Vn 30
40
2
o u2
Vt22
o
u1

Vt2 = u2 Vn2.cot30o =
H = 1/g. U2.Vt2 =

PR. 1. Pompa Sentrifugal

A centrifugal pump has d1 =7 in, d2=13 in, b1 =4 in, b2 =3 in,
1 =25, and 2 =40 and rotates at 1160 r/min. If the fluid is
water at 20C and the flow enters the blades radially, estimate
the theoretical (a) flow rate in gal/min, (b) horsepower, and (c)
head in ft.
PR. 2. Perencanaan dimensi Pompa Centrifugal.
Rencanakan dimensi utama pompa sentrifugal (diameter
dalam, diameter luar, kelengkungan sudu dan lebar sudu) dan
daya motor penggeraknya, apabila ada kebutuhan
pemompaan air kapasitas 16 m3/menit, head 35 m, dan
putaran motor penggerak 1450 rpm.
Proporsi PR 1 dan PR 2 terhadap nilai akhir semester
30%. (Quiz 20%, UAS 50%).

2.3. Performances of Centrifugal Pump.

a. Head (H) vs flowrate (Q)
Recall the ideal head or Euler Head of centrifugal pump
equation (2.12). The ideal head is straight line with negative
slope, (Y = a b.X)

The performance characteristics of centrifugal pump

includes
1. Head vs flowrate: Hactual = m.h.v. (HEuler)
2. Bhp vs flowrate: Bhp = m.g.(HEuler)
3. Efficiency vs flowrate: = (.Q.g.Hactual)/Bhp
The performance characteristics of centrifugal pump is
shown in figure next page.

2.4. Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH)

Example

2.4. Systems or Piping Characteristics

Matching Pumps to Sistem Characteristics

2.5. Pumps Combined in Paralell

Pumps Combined in Series

Efficiency of Combined Paralell and Series

Pumps.

Multistages Pumps.

2.6. Pumps Design Parameter: Specific

Speed.

Specific Speed for suction.

Pumps performance vs. Specific Speed.

Problems for Exersices.

1.

2.

3.

Centrifugal Pump Components Design of

its Principle Dimensions.
Pumps components: 1. Stator, 2. Rotor
Stator: Volute casing (5) with diffuser (9), inlet pipe
(8)
Rotor: impeller (6), shaft (1), hub, stream lined nut (7)

Impeller design: Convert mechanical energy into

kinetic energy, and finally into hydraulic energy.
Specific speed ns: determines the type of pump.

For ns < 40: 1. Multi stage pump

2. Positive displacement pump
For:
1. Radial
centrifugal pumps, with ns > 300 )
2. Mixed flow pumps, with ns > 500
) Install
parallel pumps
3. Axial flow pumps, with ns > 2000 )

Multi stage pump.

ns of one stage:
Specific speed ns of each stage,

Number of stages: i

Multi Impeller or parallel pumps:

Manifold

Q=Q1+Q2
+Q3
Pump 1

Q1

Specific speed of each impeller.

Where:
Number of impellers i:

Pump
2

Q2

Pump 3

Q3

Calculations of impellers main dimensions:

1. Number of vanes
2. Vanes inlet angle: 1, outlet angle: 2,
3. Vanes inlet diameter: D1, and outlet diameter D2
4. Vanes inlet width: b1, outlet width: b2

The aims of the design is to ensure that the pump will

deliver the intended capacity (Q), head (H). The most
important for calculating the dimensions is velocity
triangles in the inlet and outlet of the impeller.

Number of vanes:
Larger number of vane increases losses due to greater
total area of vanes thickness, and fewer vanes
increases losses due to pure flow distrubution.
Optimum number of vanes depends on the specific
speed: ns
Vanes inlet angle: 1, and outlet angle: 2
Vanes inlet and outlet angles provide the direction of
relative flow velocity within impellers, to form the
velocity diagram. The larger vanes inlet angles
provides longer vanes, however causes more crowded
flow at inlet. Smaller inlet angle reduces the flow path
of liquid through the vanes.
The ussual vanes inlet angle is: = 155O to 165o.
The vanes outlet angles determines direction of outlet
relative velocity, which is ussually makes the relative
outlet velocity simillar to the inlet, such that:
The vanes outlet angle is then depends on the
specific speed as follows.

Vanes inlet diameter and width: D1 and b1,

and outlet diameter and width: D2 and b2.
The vanes inlet diameter with the width provide
the passage for the liquid flow at the inlet, and the
pumps capacity is then.
Q = . D1. b1. Vn1
Radial component of inlet velocity (Vn1) is set the
same as the inlet velocity (V1), which means that
the direction of the velocity is perpendicular to
circumferential velocity, or 1=90o. The inlet
velocity diagram is then,
V1=Vn1
w1
1