Well Come to 2016/17

Academic Year
HYDRAULIC STRUCTURE-II
- Pre- requisite; Hydraulic Structure-I
- Course Covers 3 units
- Cr.Hr-3

Instructor: Dawit A.
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 What is Hydraulic Structure?

- is a structure submerged or
partially submerged in any body of
water, which disrupts the natural
flow of water.
-They can be used to divert, disrupt
or completely stop the flow.

Chapter-1

Introduction to River Hydraulics

River Hydraulics- involves flowing water and its
impact on the landscape. the study of river water
What is River?

Rivers - Rivers are the natural channels which

carry a huge quantity of water drained by the
catchment as runoff.

-The discharge in a river increases as it flows

from the mountainous area to the sea(how?)

Cont.
This is because the catchment area
increases and a large number of
streams and tributaries join it.
The rivers provide water for various
purposes
like
drinking,
irritation,
industrial,
hydropower,
navigation,
recreation etc.
It is therefore not surprising that the
early civilization developed
along the
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Types of Rivers
1. Classification based on variation of discharge
A) Perennial Rivers
Are rivers having adequate discharge throughout of the
year
These rivers obtain their supply from melting of snow,
ground water and precipitation.
B) Non-Perennial Rivers
are those that are not snow (GW) fed
These rivers obtain the supply from the rain and the flow is
high during and after raining seasons, but they carry little
flow in non-rainy season.

Cont.
C) Flashy Rivers
* are rivers in which there is a sudden increase in
discharge
The river stage rises and then falls in a very
short period. However, a small flow in a flashy
river may be continuous after the flood.
D) Virgin Rivers
are those rivers which get completely dried up
due to large evaporation and percolation losses
before joining another river or sea. Such rivers
exist in arid regions.
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2. Classification based on the location of reach

A) Mountainous Rivers

These rivers flow in hilly and mountainous regions

These rivers are further divided into rocky rivers and Boulder
Rivers. [Rocky stage and Boulder stages].
B) Rivers in Flooded Plains

After the boulder stage, a river enter the flooded plains having alluvial
soil.
The bed and banks of rivers in flood plains are made up of sand and silt.
C) Delta Rivers

When a river enters into deltaic plain, it splits up into a number of small
branches due to very flat slopes.
These rivers have multiple branches
D) Tidal Rivers

In a tidal river there are a periodic changes in water levels due to tides.
The river receives the sea water during flood tides, but during ebb tides it
delivers into the sea.

3. Classification based on plan-form

A) Straight Rivers
These rivers are straight in plain and have cross Sectional
shapes of a trough.
The maximum velocity of flow usually occurs in the middle of
the section.
These rivers may exist in the mountainous regions but they
are rare in flood plains.
B) Meandering Rivers
These rivers consists of a series of bends of alternate
curvature in the plain.
C) Braided Rivers
A braided river flows into two or more channels around
alluvial island developed due to deposition of silt.
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Various Stages of Rivers

 A river generally has the following four

stages namely rocky stage, Boulder stage,
Trough and alluvial stage, Deltaic (delta)
stage.
Rocky Stage:-is also called hilly or mountainous stage or
the incised stage and this is first stage of river, after it takes
off from a mountain.
Flow channels are formed in the rocky by degradation, and
cutting
river has very steep slopes and velocity of water is quite high
The river usually forms straight(why?) reach along its
course
As the bed and banks are rocky they are less susceptible to
erosion and the river is therefore quite stable.
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Cont..
Boulder stage (Sub-mountainous stage): the river passes from the rocky stage to the boulder stage as it
flows down the mountains
In this stage, the bed and banks are usually composed of large
boulders, gravels, and shingles.
The river first flows through wide shallow and interlaced
channels and then develop a straight course.
The river cross section is well defined and the river generally
confined between non-submersible high banks on either side.
In this stage bed slope is quite steep and the velocity is high,
but less than rocky stage
Most of the diversion head works (weir, barrage, head
regulator) are constructed in the boulder stage of river.
In this stage there is usually large subsoil flow because of high
permeability of the bed and bank
11 material

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Cont..
Trough and Alluvial stage: In this stage river flows in a zigzag manner known as the meandering
the cross section of the river is made up of alluvial sand and silt. The
river carries the sediments, which have the same characteristics as
those of bed and bank and the material gets eroded from the concave
side(outer side) of the bend and gets deposited on the convex
side(inner side).
The bed slope is flat and consequently the velocity is small in this
stage
The behavior of river in this stage depends up on the silt charge and
flood discharge.
The river training works (groynes or spurs) are required in the alluvial
stage of floods.
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Cont..
Deltaic stage: last stage of the river just before it discharges into sea
river gets divided into number of small branches and
forms a delta ( shaped formation)
The river is unable to carry its sediment load.
As a result, It drops its sediments and gets divided into
channels on either side of the deposited sediment and
form the delta.
As the river approaches the sea, the channel gets silted
up and water level rises.
in the delta stage the river consist of large number of
small channels and therefore no irrigation works are can
carried out in deltaic stage.
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1.1.Development process of
alluvial streams

The behaviors of alluvial rivers depend to a

large extent on the sediment carried by it. The
sediment carried by the river poses numerous
problems, such as:
Increasing of flood levels
Silting of reservoirs
Silting of irrigation and navigation channels
Splitting of a river into a number of interacted
channels
Meandering of rivers
Specially the meandering
causes the river to
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Cont..
Analluvial riverisriverin which thebedandbanks
are made up of mobilesedimentand/orsoil. Alluvial
rivers are self-formed
Alluvialchannels have the ability to adjust and shift.
This is because they consist of loose sedimentary
materials known asalluvium.
An alluvial river usually has the following three
stages:
1. Flow in a straight reach
2. Flow at bends
3. Development of meanders
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Cont..

1.Flow in a straight reach:

The river cross section is in the shape of a ditch, with

high velocity flow in the middle of the section.
Since the velocity is higher in the middle, the water
surface level will be lower in the middle and higher at
the edges.
Due to the existence of this transverse gradient from
sides towards the center, transverse rotary
currents get developed.
However, straight reaches are very few in alluvial
channels.
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Cont..
Does not follow a sinuous course.
The stretch of the river which has sinuosity less
than 1.5 (sinuosity is the ratio of channel length
to valley length.)
Sinuosity varies from a value of unity for a straight
reach to a value of three or more.
A sinuosity of 1.5 is usually taken as the dividing
line between meandering and straight channels

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Cont..

2.Flow at Bends:

every alluvial river tends to develop bends, which

are characterized by scouring on the concave side
and silting on the convex side.
The silting and scouring in bends may continue due
to the action of centrifugal force.
These rotary currents cause the erosion of concave
edge and deposition on the convex edge forming
shoal on this edge.
When once the bend forms, it tends to make the
curvature large and larger.
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20

21

Cont..
3. Development of Meanders:
Once a bend in the river has been developed, either
due to its own characteristics or due to the
impressed external forces, the process continues
furthest downstream.
The successive bends of the reverse order are
formed. It ultimately leads to the development of a
complete S-curve called a meander

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Cont..
As the outer banks of a meander continue to be
eroded through processes such as hydraulic action the
neck of the meander becomes narrow and narrower.
Eventually due to the narrowing of the neck, the two
outer bends meet and the river cuts through the neck
of the meander. The water now takes its shortest route
rather than flowing around the bend.
Deposition gradually seals off the old meander bend
forming a new straighter river channel.
Due to deposition the old meander bend is left isolated
from the main channel as an ox-bow lake.
Over time this feature may fill up with sediment and
may gradually dry up (except for periods of heavy
rain). When the water dries up, the feature left behind
is known as a meander 23
scar

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Cont..
The river on alluvial plans (alluvial stage): may be
broadly classified into the following three types
A.
B.
C.
A.

Meandering type river

Aggrading type river
Degrading type river
Meandering type of river flows in consecutive
curves of reverse order connected with short straight
reaches called crossing. The deepest part of the
section is found near the apex of the curve, where as
the shallowest portion is found near the crossing.
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Cont..
B. Aggrading type rivers: Aggrading type of river or
an aggrading reach of a river is in the process of
building up its bed to a certain slope
C. Degrading type river: is in the process of loosing
its bed gradually in the form of sediment load of the
river.

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Generally
A

river has to adjust its alignment, cross section

and slope according to the particular combination
of discharge and sediment load prevailing on
it.
Meandering, aggrading and degrading are the
various ways in which a river adjusts itself.
The meandering and aggrading result from an
excess of sediment while the degrading results
from a deflect of sediment (increase in cleansing
power)

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1.2. River Morphology

How do meanders develop?

The development of meander is a highly

complex phenomenon.
Various investigators studied the problem
in the past and gave their own theories.
Some of these theories are:
Inglis Theory
Friedkins Theory
Joglekars Theory
What do these theories tell us?
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Inglis Theory

The bank towards which the flow concentrates resists the

component of velocity causing the flow towards itself and
converts part of its kinetic energy into pressure energy, which
results in increasing the water level. The pressure head causes
a cross currents of bottom water towards other banks which
leads to the deposition of bed material towards that bank.
The equilibrium conditions reflect the total effect of the
varying discharges and sediment loads of the during the
year. If the total effects remain substantially constant the river
maintains reasonably stable conditions on the long term basis
The discharge at which the river is temporarily in equilibrium
is called the dominant discharge (Qd).
In most of rivers dominant discharge corresponds to bank full
stage, varies between to 1/3 of maximum discharge.
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Friedkins Theory

According to Friedkins, meandering occurs because of

local bank erosion and consequent overloading and
deposition by the river of the heavier sediments which
move along the bed
In other words a bank is locally scoured which results in
the excess silt charge. This excess silt charge is
deposited on the same bank a little further downstream
because it cannot be carried by river.
Meandering occurs because of this deposition. However
Inglis does not agree with Friedkins. Inglis consider
Friedkins theory to be a possible cause of secondary
meandering, but not the primary meandering.
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Joglekars Theory

the primary cause of meandering is excess of

sediments in river during floods. This sediment load
being in excess of the load carrying capacity of the
river is deposited on the bed. Consequently the river
tends to built-up a steeper slope which causes a
reduction in depth of water. There is a corresponding
increase in the width of the river channel. If the
banks do not resists erosion. Even when there is a
slight deviation from uniform axial towards the bank.
It leads to the shoal formation at the other bank, and
accentuates the curvature of flow and finally a
meander is formed.
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Meander parameters and their relations

Meanders can be classified as:

Regular: such meanders have a serious of bends
with approximately the same curvature and
frequency.
Irregular: opposite of regulars
Simple: the bend of such meanders has a single
radius of curvature
Compound: opposite of simple meanders

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33

Geometry of meanders:

The geometry of a meander is usually described by

the meander length and meander width.

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Cont..
Meander length (ML): is the tangential distance between
the two consecutive corresponding points of a meander. It is
also called the axial length.
Meander width (MB): It is the distance between the outer
edges of the one clockwise loop and the adjacent
anticlockwise loop of the meander.
Meander Ratio: the meander ratio is the ratio of the
meander width to meander length.
Crossing: is short straight reach of a river connecting two
consecutive clockwise and anticlockwise loops
Talweg length: is the length of the river along the line of
the maximum depth.
Tortuosity(T): It is the ratio of the length of the channel
measured along the curve to the meander length.
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Cont..
Talweg length: is the length of the river along the line of the
maximum depth.
Tortuosity(T): It is the ratio of the length of the channel measured
along the curve to the meander length.

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General feature of meandering:

A meandering when fully developed has a definite pattern of

curvature, length, width and depth for a constant discharge and

for a homogeneous transported material
When there is a change in the discharge or change in the
material transported by the river, the pattern of meander also
changes.
Generally the size of bends, the meander length, meander width
and degree of tortuosity increases with an increase in discharge
and vice versa.
In general, every phase of meandering depends upon the
combined effect of the following four factors

Discharge and hydraulic parameters of river

Sediment load and its characteristics
Relative erodability of bed and banks of river
Slope of river

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Cont..
The Tortuosity of a river varies considerably
throughout it course.
The total length of a meandering river along the
channel remains more or less constant. If the length
is shortened by the development of a cutoff, there is
rapid erosion.
The meanders progress very slowly down stream
with the passage of time. The rate of progress is
very slow, because of the resistance of material at
the banks.
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Cont..
Cutof in meandering rivers:
Cutoff is the process by which alluvial rivers flowing
along curves (loops) abandons a particular loop and
establishes its main flow along a comparatively
straight and shorter channel

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40

River morphology is concerned with

channel
configuration
and
geometry, and with longitudinal
profile; it is time dependent and varies
particularly with discharge, sediment
input and characteristics, and with
bank material.
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Chapter-2
RIVER TRAINING WORKS AND
FLOOD PROTECTION
What is river Training?
River training includes all such measures taken for
controlling and regulating river flow and river
configuration.
River training works are constructed either across a
river, or along with it.
River training structures include levees, spurs ,
guide banks , artificial cutofs , ripraps and etc.
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