Unit 1: Safety in Engineering

Industries

What is Safety?
Condition of being protected from or unlikely to cause
danger, risk, or injury.
Denoting something designed to prevent injury or damage.
Safety refers to your freedom from danger, injury and
damage, and to your personal security.
State of being safe , the condition of being protected
against physical, social, spiritual, financial, political,
emotional, occupational, psychological, educational or
other types or consequences of failure, damage, error,
accidents, harm or any other event which could be
considered non-desirable.
Safety in simple terms means freedom from the occurrence
of risk or injury or loss.

What is Industrial safety?

Industrial safety refers to the protection of workers from the
danger of industrial accidents.
Industrial safety is defined as policies and protections put in
place to ensure plant and factory worker protection from
hazards that could cause injury.
Safety policies put in place by the occupational safety & health
administration (OSHA) are examples of industrial safety
policies.
Industrial safety is primarily a management activity which is
concerned with
Reducing
Controlling
Eliminating hazards from the industries or industrial units.

What is Industrial Safety?

Industrial safety is the :
1. provision and maintenance of plant and systems of work in the
factory that are safe and without risks to health;
2. arrangement in factory for ensuring safety and absence of risks to
the health in connection with the use, handling, storage and
transport of articles and substances;
3. provision of such information, instruction, training and supervision
as are necessary to ensure health and safety of all workers at work;
4. maintenance of all places of work in the factory in a condition
that is safe and without risks to health and the provision and
maintenance of such means of access to, and egress from, such place
as are safe and without such risks;
5. provision, maintenance or monitoring of such working
environment in the factory for the worker that is safe, without risks
to health and adequate as regard facilities and arrangements for their
welfare at work.

Objectives of Industrial Safety

To prevent accidents in the plant by reducing the hazard to
minimum.
To eliminate accident caused work stoppage and lost
production.
To achieve lower workmens compensation, insurance rates
and reduce all other direct and indirect costs of accidents.
To prevent loss of life, permanent disability and the loss of
income of worker by eliminating causes of accidents.
To evaluate employees morale by promoting safe work place
and good working condition
To educate all members of the organization in continuous state
of safety mindless and to make supervision competent and
intensely safety minded.

Industrial Hazards
Hazard is a term associated with a substance that is
likelihood to cause an injury in a given environment or
situation.
Industrial hazard may be defined as any condition
produced by industries that may cause injury or death
to personnel or loss of product or property.
Types of Industrial Hazards (for example)
1. Chemical hazards
2. Physical hazards
3. Biological hazards

Terminology

Hazard: Potentially dangerous condition, which is triggered by an

event, called the cause of the hazard.
A condition or physical situation with a potential for an
undesirable consequence, such as harm to life or limb.
A potential condition or set of conditions, either internal and /or
external to a system, product, facility or operation, which, when
activated by a stimulus, transforms hazard into a real condition, or
series of events which culminate in a loss (an accident).
Hazard is anything that can cause harm (e.g. work, materials,
equipment, work methods and practices)
Examples???Things, substance, process, source, condition,
practices
System: A group of interacting, interrelated, or interdependent
emblements forming or regarded as forming a collective unity .
More operable definition a series of events in time.

Terminology
Accident: is usually a dynamic event (fire, explosion, high
energy release, destruction or separation of parts of system and
so on) since it results from the activation of a hazard and
culminates in a flow of sequential and concurrent events until
the system is out of control and a loss is incurred.
Accident is that occurrence in a sequence of events that
produces unintended injury, death, or property damage. It
refers to the event and not the result of event.
It is an undesired event that results in a harm to people and /or
damage to property, process or the environment.
It is also expressed as an unplanned, unwanted, and
unexpected event, which because of an unsafe act or unsafe
condition, results in property damage, injury, or death.

Terminology
Examples of Accident:
falls causing injury
Explosion or implosion of a pressurized vessel, chemical
spills (e.g. a dropped bottle)
Injuries occurring while machining
Activities / equipment failure causing fire or property
damage
Injury: a physical harm or damage to the body resulting from an
exchange, usually acute, of mechanical, chemical, thermal, or other
environmental energy that exceeds the bodys tolerance.

Terminology
Critical Injuries - defined as injuries that :
Place life in jeopardy
Make someone unconscious
Result in a substantial loss of blood
Cause an arm or leg to break
Cause the amputation of a leg, arm or foot
Cause burns to a major portion of the body
Cause the loss of sight in an eye
Incident: Represent the situations which have the potential
to cause harm to a person or damage equipment or property.
Examples:
A vessel pressurized to a point nearing rupture
Operating equipment without utilizing the required
guards or personal protective equipment

Accident or Incident
Accident is unforeseen or unpredictable.
It is something over which we have no control and
therefore it is unavoidable, whereas incident is simply an
event or occurrence, whether it is predictable or not.
Guards and shields on machinery are for operator
protection. If damaged or missing, the risk of obstruction
with machinery increases significantly.
Operators are also cautioned to keep away from moving
parts.
Operator can choose not to work near the moving parts,
guarded or not. While not intentional such obstructions
are predictable and avoidable. These are incidents and not
accidents.

Accident or Incident...
Being struck by lightening is that an incident or
accident?
If we seek shelter in a safe location away from window,
wiring, plumbing and the phone, getting struck would be
an accident.
Staying out in a thunderstorm would be a risk we have
control over it- but taking shelter under a tree in a storm
would be an incident.
Accident versus Injury
Sharpening a pencil
Unguarded running machinery holding wire nail in
between thumb and index finger

Terminology
Consequence: degree of injuries to personnel,
damage to equipment or structures, loss of material,
or reduction of ability to perform a prescribed
function arising from an outcome. Consequences
have a magnitude.
Damage: Severity of injury or the physical,
functional or monetary loss that could result if control
over a hazard is lost.
Danger: Relative exposure to a hazard. A hazard may
be present but there may be little danger because of
the precautions taken.

Terminology
Risk: hazard that is associated with a severity and a
probability of occurrence.
The chance or probability of a person getting harmed,
or experiencing an adverse health effect if exposed to a
hazard.
The possibility of injury, loss or environment incident
created by a hazard.
It is associated with likelihood or possibility of harm. It
is the expected value of loss.
Chance of harm being done (e.g. likelihood and the
extent of harm)
Risk = The probability times the consequences

Terminology
Examples..????? Risk Expressed as : The cigarette
smokers are 12 times (?) more likely to die of lung
cancer than non-smokers (depending on their age and
how many years they have been smoking)
Risk : probability or likelihood of developing a disease
or getting injured whereas hazard refers to the possible
consequences e.g. lung cancer and heart disease from
cigarette smoking .

Difference between a Hazard and a Risk

Terms Hazard and Risk are often used interchangeably
If there is a fall of water in a room then that water presents a
slipping hazard to persons passing through it. If access to that
area is prevented by a physical barrier then the hazard
remains though the risk is minimized.
A hazard is anything that can cause harm (e.g. work
materials, equipment, work methods and practices). A Hazard
is a potential source of harm or adverse health effect on a
person or persons.
The risk is the chance of harm being done (likelihood and the
extent of harm). risk is the likelihood that a person may be
harmed or suffers adverse health effects if exposed to a
hazard.

Terminology
Near Miss: An undesirable event which has the potential to
cause a serious accident.
An undesired event that, under different circumstance, could
have resulted in personal harm, and /or damages to property,
process or the environment.
An unplanned event or sequence of events that does not have
actual consequences but that could, under slightly different
circumstances, have unwanted and unintended effects on
peoples health and safety, on property, on the environment or
on legal or regulatory compliance.
A subset of incidents that could have resulted in injury illness
or property damage, if given a different set of circumstances,
but didnt. Near misses are also known as close calls better
term near hit

Terminology
Acute: diseases or responses with short and generally
sever course
Chronic: having a persistent, recurring or long-term
nature.
Hazard Assessment: an analysis and evaluation of
the physical, chemical and biological properties of the
hazard

Terminology
National Safety Council, Mumbai, India (NSC, India)
The council deals with various ongoing aspects of occupational
safety, Health and Environment.
National Safety Council, New York (NSC, USA)
International body dealing with various ongoing aspects of
occupational safety, Health and Environment
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)
US dept of Health and Human Services Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention
Occupational Health and Safety Act (OSHA)
Occupational Illness: it is any abnormal condition or disorder, other
than one resulting from an occupational injury, casued by exposure
to environmental factors associated with employment. It includes
acute and chronic illnesses or diseases that may be caused by
inhalation, absorption, ingestion, or direct contact.

Hazardous Materials
Any substance or material that could adversely affect the safety
of the public, handlers or carriers during transportation.

Hazard Class 1:
Explosives

1.1 mass explosion hazard

1.2 projectile hazard
1.3 minor blast/projectile/fire
1.4 minor blast
1.5 insensitive explosives
1.6 very insensitive explosives

Hazard Class 2:
Compressed Gases

2.1 flammable gases

2.2 non flammable compressed
2.3 poisonous

Hazard Class 3:
Flammable (flash point below 141)
Flammable Liquids Combustible (flash point 141-200
Hazard Class 4:
Flammable Solids

4.1 flammable solids

4.2 spontaneously combustible
4.3 dangerous when wet

Hazardous Materials
Hazard Class 5:
5.1 Oxidizer
Oxidizers and Organic
5.2 Organic Peroxide
Peroxides
Hazard Class 6:
Toxic Materials

6.1 Material that is poisonous

6.2 Infectious Agents

Hazard Class 7:
Radioactive Material

Radioactive I
Radioactive II
Radioactive III

Hazard Class 8:
Corrosive Material

Destruction of the human skin

Corrode steel at a rate of 0.25 inches per
year

Hazard Class 9:
Miscellaneous

A material that presents a hazard during

shipment but does not meet the definition of
the other classes