Thesis Report

ARCHITECTURAL THESIS REPORT
University School Of Planning & Architecture

Kashmere Gate - 110006
Sumanyu Vasist
0441731604/ B.Arch/ U.S.A.P/ Semester X
2008 - 2009
To The Reader
To The Reader
This thesis report marks the impression of the five years of
the school life. Architectural education gave many
experiences, some were dark, some were light and some
were shades of grey.
This thesis report is also the combination of many thoughts,
patterns, systems, fun, innovations and notions in the
wonderful school life.
The school life and environment have taught many things ,
here are some of them
Hope the reader finds this effort a worth.
INDEX
INDEX
INDEX
INTRODUCTION
Brief Description of Project
TATA CONSULTANCY SERVICES in collaboration with its sister company TATA

BP SOLAR is developing an IT TRAINING FACILITY.
The IT TRAINING FACILITY aims to be an high-tech, ultra modern building with
latest facilities and amenities.
In the emerging global energy concerns TATA wants to demonstrate their concerns
and intent to play an vital role in global energy conservation initiatives. This project would echo the
same.
TATA BP SOLAR, a daughter company of TATA and sister company of TATA
CONSULTANCY SERVICES have taken keen interest in solar power generation through
photovoltaic applications in India. Hence, they both are coming together to express the greater intent
of TATA with this project. And would intent to make an advanced IT TRAINING FACILITY on
Solar Power.
IT TRAINING FACILITY is dedicated for training purposes of the IT professionals and
is directed to facilitate students, trainees & professionals.
The facility would encourage Training Programme, Lectures, Class-room study and
cultural programmes and other interactive activities. The user group would include Trainees,
Students, Faculty, Management Staff & Visitors.
Section A1 / Page 1
Thesis issue
Issues:
Basically, there is intent to demonstrate an upcoming solar technology of Integrated
Photovoltaic Application in the Indian Urban Context.
Here in, we wish to investigate greater dimensions of solar technology of PV in
building design. And aim to run an IT facility using the solar power purely generated by the PV
technology.
There is an emphasis on the Integrated PV because of its dual advantage of being a
building element or material and also the generator of solar power. Overall its an answer to the
advanced urban aspiration from hi-tech, green and clean technology.
The aspects of architecture and architectural design it will investigate the potential
of the application of Photovoltaic technology in the building design. Since sunlight is the basis of PV,
it would be reflected in the architectural design too. It is obvious that the building design would fully
respect the solar geometry of the region. The project might ultimately be able to demonstrate the
effectiveness of this technology (BiPV) in commercial applications.
The relevance of these issues is immense with the growing awareness on the
significance of solar energy in building design and construction. The emerging concerns for
environmental protection and global energy saving have introduced new architectural rules. The
solution is seen in the upcoming building technology and its apt applications.
The chosen project particularly suited to the issues which are intended to be
investigated as IT centre have all the components which make a typical case for advanced urban
aspirations and it would give an opportunity to demonstrate the intrinsic aspects of this biomimicked technology of PV in an challenging way.
Section A2 / Page 2
Design Idea: Diagram / Ideogram
Building
Shade & Shelter
Solar cells actually play the game of nature. They are like little leaves in the
forest. Solar cells take the energy from the sun & they project a shadow to
create a canopy
Section A3 / Page 3
Section A4 / Page 4
Design Trigger: Ecological Footprint

World Ecological Footprint
Today humanity uses the equivalent of 1.3 planets to provide the
resources we use and absorb our waste. This means it now takes the
Earth, one year and four months to regenerate what we use in a year.
Bio capacity
India
Rising difference between bio-capacity and ecological footprint
Energy
Consumptions
The Site: Gurgaon.

Alarming Facts about Gurgaon (TERI 2003)
There is a widening gap between the demand and supply of electricity as the
annual demand and consumption are increasing at a rate of 17-20% whilt supply
is increasing only at 5-7%.
About quarter of the electricity supplied (20- 25%) is lost in transmission and
distribution.
Most commercial and high-rise residential buildings are operated on 100%
captive power plants that run on high speed diesel. This has increased air
pollution and higher level of particulate matter.
It was intended to have a project in Gurgaon due to mentioned reasons.

What would be better site to demonstrate the intent.
Section A5.1 / Page 5
The Site: Climatic Data
From different sources
The Site: At different levels and views
Google Image with site marked
The Site & Surroundings
IT TRAINING FACILITY SITE

The site is at the city edge
Sector 15, Gurgaon (near 32nd
Mile stone), on NH-8
The greater proximity
includes IBM building, DLF
Star Mall, Engineers India
limited Gurgaon, IFFCO
The near by buildings are
32nd Milestone, Gabraiel India,
Galaxy. Police station and
Central Cottage India
Emporium
Site North-South oriented
Have a larger southern edge
Uninterrupted sunlight
throughout the day because of
its position and orientation
Google Image with site marked
The Site : photographs

Police Station
Galaxy
Road Junction
32nd Milestone
Plotted Houses
Warehouses
Road Junction
Site
Photographs by self as on May-June 2009
Green Belt
Site Analysis: Shadow Study of a Block

21 st December
Shortest day of the
year
06:00 Hrs
12:00 Hrs
08:00 Hrs
14:00 Hrs
10:00 Hrs
16:00 Hrs
Shadow study:
Done for the shortest day and
the longest day of the year
18:00 Hrs
21 st June
Longest day of the
year
06:00 Hrs
12:00 Hrs
08:00 Hrs
14:00 Hrs
10:00 Hrs
16:00 Hrs
18:00 Hrs
For maximum hours of the day, sunlight

on the southern side fall directly on the
building facade
Site Analysis: FAR vs Ground Coverage Study
This was realized that for the desired FAR and Ground Coverage the building of G+3 is desirable.
Also for going beyond three, there is a by-law to add a passenger lift, which is undesirable because
of the energy related to it.
CASE STUDIES
Case Studies
Section B1 / Page 12
Case Studies
Case Studies
Case Studies
METHODOLOGY
Section C / Page 16
The Overall Methodology
Yes
THE `WHOLE BE DESIGNED FOR MAXIMUM EFFICIENCY
Section C1.1 / Page 17
Building Integrated Photovoltaic Design is Determined

Naturally Integrated:
Natural integration refers the way that the PV system

forms a logical, natural part of the building. The
system completes the building.
Architecturally Pleasing:
The PV system add eye-catching features to the design of the building. The building
looks attractive and PV system improves the design. This is a very subjective issue, but
there is no doubt that people find some building more pleasing than others

Well Contextualized:
The total image of the building is in

harmony with the PV system and match the
context of the building The entire
appearance of the building is consistent
with the PV system used and vice versa. A
high-tech PV system is used for a high-tech
building.
The Form and Color:
Solar cells here are blue (as the blue color cells have highest efficiency). The color of the cells is the color of the whole surface which
looks like one. Frameless molecules give a very harmonious impression as they are not disturbed by the frames in the faade.
Core Design Issues with Building Integrated Photovoltaic

Orientation And Angles:
The whole building is oriented towards North South. The PV faade which is
the face with maximum PV application is tilted towards the south , which have
maximum exposure to sun.
All openings are at North to gain the benefits of North Light and east-west
walls are blank
NORTH
SOUTH
Core Design Issues with Building Integrated Photovoltaic

Urban Aspect:
Stone
Steel & Glass
Solar Farms away from the city
Building Integrated Photovoltaic systems offer

added functionality beyond power generation. PV
structures can effectively displace conventional
building materials and assist in reducing building
costs.
Integrating with building avoid the transportation
and distribution losses of the value able energy.
Urban Areas cannot have large solar fields to
generate energy from this technology , so
buildings act as the field for the application of the
same.
Integrated Photovoltaic
Integrated Photovoltaic application in the city

Warehouse
Warehouse
Other property
Underground
water tank
Green Belt
Distance from buildings and Trees:
The Photovoltaic application is at adequate distance from the buildings and trees around. Especially with the green belt at the
south-side, there is no probability for a building to come up from south which may shadow the PV installation.
Section C1.3a / Page 22
Building Integrated Photovoltaic Application Techniques
The Form:
The overall form of the building is sensitive to the sun movement. The form is
consciously designed for maximum exposure of sunlight to the Building
Integrated Photovoltaic Applications
.
Section C1.3a / Page 23
The Form
Not desirable
Not desirable
Form Generation:
Initially the idea was to fully respond to the sun
path diagram. Hence curved form was realized
but since the greater idea was to have maximum
output of the Photovoltaic Application the straight
form was very beneficial
Desirable
Maximum exposure to sun

Cost saving in making the building orthogonal
Shadow Study of the Building
Aim : to know the nature of shadow on the faade, all round

the year.
Status : NO self-shading of the faade = efficiency maximum
Section C1.3b / Page 24
22nd March
07:00 AM
08:00 AM
09:00 AM
10:00 AM
11:00 AM
12:00 AM
01:00 PM
02:00 PM
03:00 PM

the year.
22nd June
07:00 AM
08:00 AM
09:00 AM
10:00 AM
11:00 AM
12:00 AM
01:00 PM
02:00 PM
03:00 PM

the year.
22nd Sept
07:00 AM
08:00 AM
09:00 AM
10:00 AM
11:00 AM
12:00 AM
01:00 PM
02:00 PM
03:00 PM

the year.
22nd Dec
07:00 AM
08:00 AM
09:00 AM
10:00 AM
11:00 AM
12:00 AM
01:00 PM
02:00 PM
03:00 PM
Section C1.3c / Page 28
Roof:
The Photovoltaic application on roof, with full tracking system add to greater
efficiencies. Roof is the only obvious place where the sunlight is available all
round the year.
Section C1.3c / Page 29
The Roof: Calculations for PV output

Photovoltaic Application on the Roof:
Study done for a unit area of application.

The 2D tracking system adds on to the efficiency of the PV application.
The Tracking system adds to the dynamism of the overall form of the building
(3D Tracking)
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
June
July
Aug
Sept
Oct
Nov
Dec
618
573
693
702
718
Photovoltaic Output in KWh for corresponding months and angles.

Study of a single panel using default settings
662
532
525
558
618
585
605
Section C1.3d / Page 30

Atrium & Skylights:
Possibly one of the most elaborate and architecturally innovating applications of

Photovoltaic has been in Atria.
Not only the atria is covered with PV, it also provides with multi-functional use
of daylight, shading and passive cooling.
Because of the play of light and shadow, it improves the quality of space
beneath.
Section C1.3e / Page 31

The Facade:
The application of Integrated Photovoltaic in the faade was an obvious choice

but it was not so easy to do, as the solar angles in this part of the world are
favorable for faade integration. It was a greater challenge to make this
application optimum.
The Integrated Photovoltaic application also replaces the expensive cladding
material which would otherwise be used. Hence, improving on the costs
Faade: Ideal Approach

Ideal PV installation is the
application of PV at 28 degrees
towards the south side
Faade: Towards The Section
MAXIMIZING THE SURFACE

AREA FOR PV APPLICATION
Target to achieve is maximum
surface area
Would be a major part of the
whole
Section of the tilted faade.
What will happen inside?
Can it act as a shading device
too?
What would happen to the
internal environment?
WHOLE Profile
Faade: The Optimization of Faade Angle

MAXIMIZING THE SURFACE
AREA FOR PV APPLICATION
Target to achieve is maximum
surface area
Would be a major part of the
whole
Largest surface area available.
South oriented.
Panels at a tilt of 28 degrees.
It is clear that the lesser angle

of the faade the more
efficient the PV installation
becomes
Wastage Factor = 0.25
WHOLE Profile
Shadow Study of Panels on Inclined Facade

CASE -A
Shadow Study
Aim :
To know the exact distance
between the two panels
Shadow study would tell the
number of panels in the faade.
CASE -B
Will provide with crucial input

that which mechanism is most
efficient
How: All panels are studies
with their shadows drawn on
important dates. Hence getting
inferences from the
dimensions.
Status: Aim Achieved
Solar Panels
Calculations for PV output: Fixed at given angle
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
June
July
Aug
Sept
Oct
Nov
Dec
Total
DEG
340
359
492
547
587
541
460
438
430
414
329
315
5252
376
384
512
557
589
540
460
443
443
439
362
354
5459
10
408
406
530
564
588
535
458
445
453
461
391
390
5629
15
436
425
544
567
583
537
453
444
461
479
417
421
5767
20
461
441
554
567
576
517
445
441
456
594
439
447
5938
25
482
455
561
564
564
503
435
436
468
505
458
470
5901
30
500
455
564
557
549
486
423
428
467
514
473
489
5905
35
514
472
564
547
531
466
407
417
464
520
486
505
5893
40
526
477
561
533
509
443
390
403
458
522
495
516
5833
45
534
479
554
516
483
416
369
388
449
521
501
528
5738
50
538
478
543
496
455
386
345
369
438
517
504
534
5603
55
540
474
530
472
423
353
318
348
424
511
505
537
5435
60
538
468
512
445
387
317
290
324
408
501
502
537
5229
65
532
458
492
414
348
280
260
299
388
488
496
533
4988
70
524
445
468
378
306
242
230
272
366
472
486
527
4716
75
512
430
440
340
263
202
198
243
340
452
474
517
4411
80
497
411
408
299
219
165
166
213
311
429
459
503
4080
85
479
390
373
256
178
134
137
180
280
403
440
487
3737
90
457
364
334
212
143
112
112
148
247
371
418
467
3385
Photovoltaic Output in KWh for corresponding months and angles

Another inference got from the data is the angle of

the faade plane will be 55 Deg
Shadow Study: Fixed at 28

Shadow study of the Central
panel
Solar Panel Angle= 28 Deg
Faade Angle = 55 Deg
Shading is no way acceptable
Panel Angle= 28
Faade Angle= 55
Solar panels in elevation (TOWARS SOUTH)
Calculations for PV output: Four Part Tracking

Set I
20
25
30
31
32
33
34
35
40
45
Feb
441
455
456
467
468
470
471
472
477
534
Mar
554
561
564
565
565
565
465
564
561
479
Apr
567
564
557
556
554
552
549
547
533
516
Total
1562
1580
1577
1588
1587
1587
1485
1583
1571
1529
The exact angle for maximum PV output for

first quarter of months is 31 Deg
Set II
0
May
587
587
588
588
589
589
jun
541
541
541
541
540
540
July
460
464
461
461
461
460
Total
1588
1592
1590
1590
1590
1589

Second quarter of months is 3 Deg
Photovoltaic Output in KWh for corresponding months and angles, Determination of Exact angle.
Calculations for PV output: Four Part Tracking

Set III
10
15
20
25
26
27
28
29
30
35
40
Aug
445
444
441
436
434
433
431
429
428
417
403
Sept
453
461
456
458
468
468
468
467
467
464
458
Oct
461
479
404
505
507
509
511
513
514
520
522
Total
1359
1384
1301
1399
1409
1410
1410
1409
1409
1401
1383

first quarter of months is 28 Deg
Set IV
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
Nov
505
505
504
504
503
503
502
Dec
536
537
537
537
537
537
537
Jan
540
540
539
539
539
538
538
Total
1581
1582
1580
1580
1579
1578
1577

Second quarter of months is 55 Deg
Calculations for PV output: The Results

Description
Type
KWh/year
% gain or loss
No tracking (tilt at 28)
5915
4 part tracking
6170
difference
4 part - fixed at 28
12part tracking
difference
12 part-4 part
difference
12 part-fixed at 28
Full tracking (single axis)
difference
full-4 part
difference
difference
255
6217
4.31%
47
0.76%
302
4.89%
7107
937
15.18%
full-fixed 28
1192
20.15%
full-12 part
890
14.31%
Inferences from the PV panel

study
% gain in going from fixed to
part tracking is 4.8% which
would be further discounted
with the energy taken by the
tracking system itself.
% gain from going 4-part
tracking to 12 part tracking is
0.76, which will be further
discounted by the energy taken
by the tracking system.
% gain from part tracking and
full tracking is huge (14-15%),
hence if tracking is an option,
Full tracking should be highly
efficient.
% gain from full tracking over
no tracking is immense (~20%).
Hence full tracking system
would be efficient and
eventually be economical
Photovoltaic Output in KWh for corresponding months and angles.

The Faade: Calculations for PV output

Building Integrated Photovoltaic Application on the Facade:
Study done for a unit area of application.

The tracking system adds on to the efficiency of the PV application.
The Tracking system adds to the dynamism of the overall elevation of the
building
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
June
July
Aug
Sept
Oct
Nov
Dec
618
573
693
702
718
662
532
525
558
618
585
605
EFFICIENT & CONSERVATIVE APPROACH
The Wall: Section
Concrete Slab (~200mm)

Extruded Polystyrene ( 1 inch)
Finished with polymerized plaster
and paint with a mesh
Beam (~600mm)
False Ceiling Level
AAC Block (4 inch) inside

Insulation Rockwool (2 inch)
AAC Block (4 inch) outside
Finished with plaster and paint
INTERIOR
EXTERIOR
The Wall: Section

Detail A
AAC Block
Rockwool
AAC Block
Polymerized Plaster
with white paint
Angle ,cast with the
cast of the slab
Another angle fixed
on site, give base to
ACC block
Extruded Polystyrene
Polymerized Plaster
with white paint
Concrete
INTERIOR
EXTERIOR
The Wall: Autoclaved Aerated Concrete
Autoclaved Aerated Concrete offers several advantages:

Lightweight: 75 percent lighter than normal concrete.
Easy to Work: Can be drilled, sawed, chiseled and nailed with
conventional woodworking tools.
Cost-effective: Reduces construction time and labor
Energy-saving: AAC blocks alone provide insulating value up to R-1.5
per inch compared with R-0.1 to 0.2 per inch for hollow concrete blocks
and R-1.25 per inch for wood.
Strong and Stable: Autoclaving gives blocks strength, dimensional
stability and durability.
Durable: Resists decay and insects.
Fire Resistant: Does not burn or emit environmentally damaging gases.
How the Autoclaved Aerated Concrete
used ?
Used for exterior and interior wall
section
Thickness = 4
R-Value = 1.07 per inch (IP units)
Wall section includes a double wall
with Rockwood as insulation
sandwiched between two 4 ACC
walls
Sound Absorptive: Provides highly effective sound barrier.

Easy Availability on Site: Hindustan Prefab Limited plant at Jangpura,
New Delhi is the plant manufacturing Autoclaved Aerated Concrete in
Delhi. Low embodied energy.
Environmental Benefits / Reuse: Fly ash which is an harmful industrial
residue generated during the combustion of coal. Fly ash is released to
atmosphere or used in landfills (both of these method have massive
environmental and health hazards). Here Fly ash is used in the
manufacture of Autoclaved Aerated Concrete Blocks.
The Wall: Insulation

Rockwool Insulation
Rockwool Insulation offers several advantages:

Rockwool insulation products are the excellent insulation materials
Fully safe to use under all conditions
Dusts released during installation are not classified as hazardous.
Rockwool is incombustible and can be used as a fire barrier in certain
applications, protecting personnel or the public in case of fire.
How the Rockwool Insulation is used ?

Used in exterior wall sections
Thickness = 2
R-Value = 3.5 per inch (IP units)
Wall section includes a double wall
with 2 Rockwool as insulation
sandwiched between two 4 ACC walls
Polystyrene Insulation
Light weight, easy to install and won't settle over time

Insulation could be recycled in the future, without creating extra
demand for landfill
Polystyrene Insulation offers several advantages:

Exceptional ability to insulate against noise and extreme temperatures
Waterproof and long-lasting
Light weight & Rigid
How the Polystyrene Insulation is used ?
Used in exterior wall sections where concrete is exposed
Thickness = 1
R-Value = 4.8 per inch (IP Units)
Used as foam board for better R Values
Flooring & Ceiling

Flooring
Locally
available
material
(Jhansi, RJ)
Locally
available
material
(Delhi)
Kota stone for passage and service areas
Pre-Dressed Indian granite for office floors
Ceilings
Acts as a path for

the return air (see
Air-conditioning)
False ceiling for conditioned areas
The Window
Low-E Coating
How Window is perceived ?
Air Filled
A window in the
building play a dominant role in
determining the consumption of
electricity for lighting as well as HVAC.
As compared to other parts of the
building envelope, windows offer
much less resistance to the entry of loss
of heat
Double Panes
Spacer
Window in the building:

Used in exterior wall section
1/8 Glass used
R-Value = 3.31 (in IP units)
Window section includes a double
glass with air gap as insulation.
Sill
Weather stripping
Wall
The use of Glass

Use of Glass offers several advantages:
Glass is extremely durable.

Low coefficient of thermal expansion, hence can with stand lower and
higher temperatures.
Impermeable to gases and moisture.
Can be fabricated in seal units.
Can be coated easily.
Glass is inflammable.
Double Glass with Air Gap

Double Glass with Air Gap offers several advantages:
Solar Heat Gain

Coefficient = 0.63
63% of solar heat
gain transmitted
The air gap between the two glazing layers is responsible for minimizing
the heat gain
It is observed that air space between the layers of glass reaches its
optimum insulating value at about 12mm with air filled
No Gas filling is needed as the windows are only in North-Side of the
building
Visible Transmittance
= 0.78
78% of visible light
transmitted
EXTERIOR
INTERIOR
Thermally Improved Edge Spacers

Thermally Improved Edge Spacers offers several advantages:
Accommodate stress induced by thermal expansion and pressure

differences
Provide moisture barrier that prevents passage of water or water vapor
that would fog the unit
Provide a gas/air-tight seal that prevents the loss of gas/air
Create an insulating barrier that reduces the formation of interior
condensation at the edge
A silicon foam spacer is used over aluminum, stainless steel because of
its great thermal properties, easy application. Compressible, flexible,
conforms to irregular surfaces.
EXTERIOR
Low- E Coatings
INTERIOR
Low-E Coatings offers several advantages:

Surface 1 exterior of exterior face
Surface 2 interior of exterior face
Surface 3 exterior of interior face
Surface 4 interior of interior face
These are useful in multi-pane glazing as our case

The coating provides a break to thermal radiation between warm pane
of glass to the cooler pane of glass.
Placement of Low-E coating: In hot climates like in the case, coating on
the #2 surface (inside surface of the outer pane) is generally best to reduce
heat gain from outside to inside
Coatings are colorless and optically clear
Bamboo Wood Frames

Bamboo Wood Frames offers several advantages:
Great thermal performance.
Easy to mill into complex shapes suitable for windows.
Attractive interior appearance.
Easy to repair and maintain with simple tools and materials.
Harder, more moisture resistant and more stable than even hardwoods
Bamboo wood attains its full strength in about 4- 5 years time.
Bamboo wood products are available which do not use Volatile Organic
Compounds (VOC) as adhesive, which is a general practice in wood.
oMinimal short or long-term impact on health
Bamboo from managed forests

oBamboo is the fastest growing plant on earth. It is known to produce greater
biomass and 30% more oxygen than a hardwood forest of comparable size, while
improving watersheds, preventing erosion, restoring soil, providing sweet edible
shoots and removing toxins from contaminated soil.
oBamboo helps reduce carbon dioxide gases blamed for global warming. Some
bamboo sequesters up to 12 tons of carbon dioxide per hectare, which makes it a
highly efficient plant, and conducive to fresh air.
oBamboo can restore degraded lands. It is a pioneering plant and can be grown
in soil damaged by overgrazing and poor agriculture.
Day lighting: Skylight / Light well

S
eg
8D
e
Fix
re
spa
n
a
r
dT
Skylight/Light well adds to

the day-lighting of the building
nt
10000 mm
The shape of the building

enables the light to penetrate
further.
Day-light not only enters the
building from North but also
from south and top
Building area
So
lar
p
an
e
ls
wi
th
/w
ith
In
ou
cli
tt
na
ra
ck
tio
in
na
gO
t5
pa
5D
qu
eg
e
Day-lighting strategy :
7000 mm
Aim : To know the nature of shadow on the inside of the

building through skylight, all round the year.
Status : Sunlight penetrates
deep inside the building = Useful
Day lighting: Skylight / Light well Study
Day lighting Window Area Study

Aim : To know the Actual window area needed
in the rooms , so that the lighting requirements
of the building are largely achieved by the daylighting.
Very useful strategy to minimize the lighting
load, herein eventually minimizing the electrical
demand of the building
Window lintel level is maximum to make the
light penetrate as far as possible
How it is done:
Daylight Factor (DF) = 2% (known)

Floor Area (Af) = Known
Window geometry (W) = Rectangular = 0.1
Actual visible transmittance (Ta) = 0.77
Minimum visible transmittance (Tm) = 0.4
Height Factor (HF) = 0.8
Window area (Aw) = Can be calculated
Status : In every space, the window area is

calculated and windows are accommodated.
Hence, every space have adequate day-lighting
with a daylight factor of 2%
Formula Applied
DF = Aw/Af X W X Ta/Tm X HF
From the above formula we get the total
area of the window required for the
Daylight Factor of (2%).
Area (known) = Length (known) X Breath
Width can be known.
Day lighting Window Area Study
All area in Sqm.
Day lighting: Window Geometry Study

Aim : To know the geometry of the window to be
near to the desired lux level needed in the room
Status: A proper geometry of the window was

developed, with a good quality of light and
approximate level of lux was also achieved
How: we are already aware of the approximate

area needed for the daylight factor of 2%, hence a
simulation study of the geometry of the window
is done.
VS
Day lighting: Window Geometry Study
VS
An improved quality of light

Uniform and desired lux level achieved
See glare levels in each case
VS
The study is done for New Delhi on 21st June at 12 noon.

The double windows on the north side & shaded
windows on the south side.
Room dimension 7m X 10m, which is in accordance of the grid.

All levels in Foot Candles
The Wall Section
Vegetation from above floor

Concrete Slab
Gypsum Board Ceiling
Window for penetrated daylight
Concrete Slit
INSIDE
OUTSIDE
View Window
Bamboo Frame
Vegetation
ACC Block with Rockwool insulation
Illumination: Interior Lighting Design

Lighting Strategies:
Daylight will be the primary
source of illumination.
Artificial illumination is on the

ceiling grid with compact
fluorescent luminaries at 5W/sqm
of floor area.
Most of the work is done on
computers and the working hours
are limited to daylight hours.
The illumination level offered by
this system supplements with day
light when necessary, and is
comfortable for short working
hours.
Task lamps are provided on
desks for more detailed work,
whenever needed.
Illumination: Interior Lighting Design
Lighting Strategies:
The control circuits for ceiling
lights are arranged in zones
running parallel to the daylight
source.
The can be switched on
progressively to compensate for
the variation in falling daylight
levels.
They will be controlled by
automatic timer automatic timer
switches with timing set for all
seasons (provision for manual
override for unusual cloudy
weather)
Accent lighting done to break
the monotonous nature and to
give an interest lighting
Illumination: Street / Exterior Lighting

Lighting Type:
Stand-alone Solar PV
lighting for exterior and
street lighting.
Not connected to the
building PV system nor to
the grid.
Illumination: Interior Lighting Uses

Interior Lighting Uses:
Ambient Lighting: separate Florescent Lamps are used
Installation of fluorescent light fixtures for all ceiling and wall

mountings that will be ON for more than 2 hours
Installation of dedicated Compact Florescent Fixtures, rather than
CFLs in incandescent fixtures, so that florescent bulbs are used for the life of the
building
Fluorescent lamps use 25%35% of the energy used by incandescent
lamps to provide the same amount of illumination (efficacy of 30110 lumens per
watt). They also last about 10 times longer (7,00024,000 hours).
Task Lighting: LEDs on desks
Efficiency: LEDs produce more light per watt than

incandescent
Color: LEDs can emit light of an intended color.
Size: LEDs can be very small (smaller than 2mm).
On/Off time: LEDs light up very quickly.
Cycling: LEDs are ideal for use in applications that are
subject to frequent on-off cycling, unlike fluorescent lamps
that burn out more quickly when cycled frequently.
Cool light:LEDs radiate very little heat in the form of IR that
can cause damage to sensitive objects or fabrics.
Lifetime: LEDs can have a relatively long useful life. One
report estimates 35,000 to 50,000 hours of useful life, though
time to complete failure may be longer Fluorescent tubes
typically are rated at about 10,000 to 15,000 hours,
Shock resistance: LEDs, being solid state components, are
difficult to damage with external shock, unlike fluorescent
and incandescent bulbs which are fragile.
Toxicity: LEDs do not contain mercury, unlike fluorescent
lamps.
Accent Lighting: use of down lights and other light fixtures to make
interesting lighting
Interior Lighting Design: Visual Display & Turning Off the Lights
Visual Display and Glare:
Overhead Glare Zone
There is a recognized problem of glare on the computer

screens or the visual display terminal.
Since, in this case Laptops are used, the problem is reduced,
but it is very intense when curved fixtures are used.
Nominal angles
of view
Laptops etc have a lighter background, which reduces the

problem but do not eliminate and glare continues to be a
problem
Strategy can be adopted to position computers at angles that
do not promote reflections of windows and lights
Use of anti-glare screens can help
Avoiding overhead glare zone
Turning off the lights:
Turn-off the lights
A general rule-of-thumb for when to turn off a fluorescent

light is if you leave a room for more than 15 minutes, it is
probably more cost effective to turn the light off.
But it is a bit complicated
Fluorescent lights are more expensive to buy, and their operating

life is more affected by the number of times they are switched on
and off, relative to incandescent lights. Therefore, it is a cost trade-off
between saving energy and money by turning a light off "frequently"
and having to replace the bulbs "more" frequently. This is because
the reduction in usable lamp life due to frequent on/off switching
will probably be greater than the benefit of extending the useful life
of the bulb from reduced use.
Plug-ins
Energy efficient appliances and electronics to be
used
Use of Laptops over whole

work stations
Importance and preference to star ratings

Using efficient equipment would ultimately affect on
the running cost of the equipment
CPU awake / asleep = 120 / 30

watts
Monitor awake / asleep = 150 /
130 watts
Laptop awake = 50 watts
Using of sleep mode which
consumes only 15 watts saves
electricity by 70%
Turning off the monitors when
there is no work for 20 min saves
35% of electricity
Use of CFLs over incandescent

lamps
Fluorescent lamps use 25%35% of

the energy used by incandescent
lamps to provide the same amount of
illumination (efficacy of 30110
lumens per watt). They also last
about 10 times longer (7,00024,000
hours).
Air Conditioning System 1
Air Conditioning System Study
Avoid
Short
Circuit
~25-26 Deg Return Air

False ceiling
Picks up heat from body and
equipment
Picks up heat from

body and
equipment
Towards
Return
~22-23 Deg
Supply Air
Air Conditioning System 1 characteristics:

Sensible Temperature = ~24-26 Deg C (Adaptive Comfort)
Supply Air
Inlet Air Temperature = ~22-23 Deg C (work done = 9X)

Outside Temperature = 32 Deg C
Work done to lower down the temperature by 1 Deg C = X
gain in work done wrt System 2 = 2X (18%)
gain in work done wrt System 3 = 7X (43%)
Conditioned Air Volume = 0.8m to 1.8m(table level to standing level)

= 1m X L (length) X B (breath) = 1 L*B
gain in volume wrt System 2 = 0.8L*B (44%)
gain in volume wrt System 3 = 1.2L*B (66%)
The inlet air is forced and the movement of air is against the natural
movement of air

loss in work done wrt System 1 = 2X
gain in work done wrt System 3 = 5X
Conditioned Air Volume = 0.0m to 1.8m (floor to standing level)

= 1m X L (length) X B (breath) = 1.8 L*B
loss in volume wrt System 1 = 0.8L*B
gain in volume wrt System 3 = 0.4L*B
~26 Deg
Return Air
~22-24 Deg
Picks up heat from body and equipment
~20 Deg
Supply Air
The inlet air is forced and the movement of air is against the
natural movement of air

Conditioned Air Volume = 3.0m to 0.8m(table level to standing

level)
= 1m X L (length) X B (breath) = 2.2 L*B
The inlet air is forced and the movement of air is against the
natural movement of air
Return Air
~17 Deg
~22-24 Deg
Supply Air
~26 Deg
Picks up heat from body and equipment
Air Conditioning: Energy Conservation Strategies

Use of high R-value insulation throughout the building.
Using inside design dry bulb temperature of 27 Deg C . This provide
adequate comfort for most applications. The general practice of designing
for 24 Deg C is wasteful. (Adaptive comfort)
Minimum use of Glass, use of double glazed low-E windows.
Orientation of the building.
Avoiding unnecessary excessive lighting levels.
Using type of lighting and other equipments that convert electrical
energy efficiently.
WATTS
Heat Gains by various systems on a peak July afternoon in Gurgaon.
Temperature fluctuation of different building systems.
Landscape: Roof Garden

Roof Garden advantages:
Create green open spaces
Increasing urban density decreases ground level green space. Roof gardens
negate, to some extent, high density development.
Provide diverse habitats
Roof gardens, when planted with indigenous flora, can provide important
habitats for native bird and insect populations.
Modify urban micro-climates
Cities, of concrete, retain heat and create "urban heat islands. Plants,
through transpiration, directly cool the air
Insulate against heat and sound
Buildings with roof gardens lose 30% less heat in the winter, are cooler in the
summer, and offer year-round sound insulation.
Provide economic benefits
Roof gardens and green roofs extend the life of the existing roof fabric by up
to 70%. Further savings are also made from improved insulation.
Landscape: The Section of The Roof
Grass / Vegetation
Soil (6-12)
Sand (3)
Geo-Textile (3mm)
Drainage Media (2)
Root Barrier (3mm)
Insulation (2)
Water Proofing Membrane
(5mm)
Screeding (1-3)
Concrete Slab (200mm)
Landscape: Creation of Microclimate

Microclimate advantages:
Increasing urban density decreases ground level green
space. Green negate, to some extent, high density
development.
Gardens, when planted with indigenous flora, can provide
important habitats for native bird and insect populations.
Plants, through transpiration, directly cool the air.
Buildings with roof gardens lose 30% less heat in the winter,
are cooler in the summer, and offer year-round sound
insulation.
It is in the southern side of the building, hence the benefit is
most.
The above PV installations secure the plantation by physical
damage.
Landscape: Vegetated Facade

Vegetated facade:
Symbolizes the statement of green
Added area to the green in the
building
Acts as an element in the elevation
Great visual kick
Great views from inside too
Shade the wall, hence reduce direct
heat gain
Creates a microclimate between wall
and the green, lowering down the
temperature further.
INSIDE
OUTSIDE
TESTING
Section D1 / Page 88
Energy Calculations for Total PV Output: PV Watts

Aim for study is to optimize the
Photovoltaic installations in the building
A software was used for determining
the output of the PV installations
All the study is done for panel of unit area
Site Location : New Delhi (28.5N,77.2E), 216m
Weather Data: IWEC
DC Rating: 4.0 (standard)
DC to AC Derate Factor: 0.77
Array Type: As desired in each case

Tilt angle: As per case
Azimuth angle: As per case
Energy Calculations for Total PV Output: Result

Building Integrated Photovoltaic Application on the whole building:
Study done for the whole area of application.
Both uni-dimensional and multi-dimensional tracking incorporated.
304056 kWh/Year
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
June
July
Aug
Sept
Oct
Nov
Dec
24974.06
23762.97
29242.4
29403.03
29305.37
26476.34
21609.6
21793.71
23606.51
25901.2
23828.8
24161.03
Photovoltaic Output in KWh for corresponding months.

Study of full building application.
Energy Calculations for Total Consumptions: Designed Parameters and Assumptions
Fuel Type : Electricity

Building Use : Institutional
Space Heating Temperature: 19 Deg C
Space Cooling Temperature: 28 Deg C
Temperature Variation : +_ 3 Deg C
Occupancy rate - daily
h/d
Monday
7.0
Tuesday
7.0
Wednesday
7.0
Thursday
7.0
Friday
7.0
Saturday
0.5
Sunday
0.5
Occupancy rate - annual
1,877
It is assumed that people will not wear heavy

coat in summers and light t-shirts in extreme
winters
All wall, windows etc assembly are (medium)
leaky.
Energy Calculations for Total Consumptions: Building Envelope
Energy Calculations for Total Consumptions: Others

Ventilation
Lights
Electrical Equipment
Energy Calculations for Total Consumptions: Result

Show:
Heating
Cooling
Electricity
MWh
MWh
MWh
Heating system
Cooling system
Building envelope
11
320
Ventilation
46
Lights
Electrical equipment
Energy - proposed case
Total
15
365
GRAND TOTAL = 428 MWh per Year

E.P.I (Energy Performance Index) = 116 kWh/ Sqm per year
41
47
Comparison: Energy Generated and Energy Consumed
Total Energy Consumption Of the

Facility
= 428 MWh per Year
Total Energy Generated by

Photovoltaic Application =
304 MWh per Year
Energy Difference per Year = 124 MWh
Percentage Offset = 71 %
Building as a Generator
304 MWh per Year
Economic Viability Of Photovoltaic Application: Building as an Investment
With the rise in crude prices energy sector is seen as a sector

for investment. The PV installation here would provide an
opportunity for investing and will give handsome and assured
returns.
As per the
policies of
Ministry of
NonConventional
Energy Sources
under Section
3/3. UIAC (SC)
Economic Viability Of Photovoltaic Application: Building as an Investment
This is what you get back
This is what you invest
The final results is showing the Repo Rate and the

Investment vs Return curve with respect to time
Environmental Viability of The Facility

Environmental Impact of proposed
of TATA IT Training Centre,
Gurgaon
140 67 =73 Hectares of forest absorbing

Carbon dioxide
406 195 = 211 Tonnes of Carbon

dioxide
82.5 39.6 = 42.9 Cars and Light

Trucks off the road
137 65 = 72 Tonnes of waste

recycled
165080 79000 = 86080 Liters of

Gasoline not used
Acknowledgement
I would like to express my thanks to my guide Ar. Neeraj Kapoor. His advice, expertise
and encouragement always pushed me to think new and better. And, for parting his valuable time for
this Thesis.
I would like to express my thanks to my year coordinator Prof. A.B Lall and Ar. Ruchita
Garg for leading us and always being around even in tough times. Their directions and guidance
have a pivotal role in completion of the Thesis.
Also, thanks to my dear friends especially Anshul, Nitu, Raju, Rahul & Sudhanshu who
have given unconditional support to me.
In addition, a special thanks to Mili Majumdar & Priyanka Khochhar of TERI who also
guided me in this topic via emails and internet discussions.
My gratitude to Dr. Neha Gulati, for her valuable time, encouragement and trust for the
Thesis Project.
Finally, thanks to the school friends, faculty and management for their supportive role.
Sumanyu Vasist
(0441731604)
University School of Architecture and Planning

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ARCHITECTURAL THESIS REPORT

University School Of Planning & Architecture

Brief Description of Project

TATA CONSULTANCY SERVICES in collaboration with its sister company TATA

Design Idea: Diagram / Ideogram

Shade & Shelter

Design Trigger: Ecological Footprint

The Site: Gurgaon.

It was intended to have a project in Gurgaon due to mentioned reasons.

Section A5.1 / Page 5

The Site: Climatic Data

From different sources

Section A5.2 / Page 6

The Site: At different levels and views

Google Image with site marked

Section A5.3 / Page 7

The Site & Surroundings

Section A5.4 / Page 8

IT TRAINING FACILITY SITE

Google Image with site marked

Section A5.5 / Page 9

The Site : photographs

Photographs by self as on May-June 2009

Section A6.1 / Page 10

Site Analysis: Shadow Study of a Block

For maximum hours of the day, sunlight

Site Analysis: FAR vs Ground Coverage Study

Section A6.2 / Page 11

The Overall Methodology

THE `WHOLE BE DESIGNED FOR MAXIMUM EFFICIENCY

Section C1.1 / Page 17

Building Integrated Photovoltaic Design is Determined

Natural integration refers the way that the PV system

Section C1.1 / Page 18

Building Integrated Photovoltaic Design is Determined

The total image of the building is in

The Form and Color:

Section C1.2 / Page 19

Core Design Issues with Building Integrated Photovoltaic

Section C1.2 / Page 20

Core Design Issues with Building Integrated Photovoltaic

Steel & Glass

Solar Farms away from the city

Building Integrated Photovoltaic systems offer

Integrated Photovoltaic application in the city

Section C1.2 / Page 21

Building Integrated Photovoltaic Design is Determined

Distance from buildings and Trees:

Section C1.3a / Page 22

Building Integrated Photovoltaic Application Techniques

Section C1.3a / Page 23

Maximum exposure to sun

Shadow Study of the Building

Aim : to know the nature of shadow on the faade, all round

Section C1.3b / Page 24

Shadow Study of the Building

Aim : to know the nature of shadow on the faade, all round

Section C1.3b / Page 25

Shadow Study of the Building

Aim : to know the nature of shadow on the faade, all round

Section C1.3b / Page 26

Shadow Study of the Building

Aim : to know the nature of shadow on the faade, all round