Static Loading

Static loadsareloadsthat exert a constant amount

of force.
A simple example of astatic loadis the weight of a
bridge span upon the bridge pilings holding it aloft.

Dynamic loading

: dynamicloads exert varying

amounts of force
upon the structure that is upholding them.

Theories of Failure
Theprincipal stressesare the components of the
stresstensor when the basis is changed in such a way
that the shearstresscomponents become zero.
Principal stressis the maximum normalstressa
body can have at its some point.
Principal Strain: Maximum and minimum
normalstrainpossible for a specific point on a
structural element. Shearstrainis 0 at the orientation
where principal strainoccurs.

Theories of Failure
Maximum principal stress theory- Good for brittle
materials*
According to this theory when the maximum principal
stress induced in a material under complex load
condition exceeds the maximum normal strength in a
simple tension test the material fails.
1 u

Theories of Failure
Maximum shear stress theory- Good for ductile
materials
According to this theory when the maximum shear
strength in actual case exceeds maximum allowable
shear stress in simple tension test the material case.
max = (1 3 ) / 2
(1 3 ) y

Theories of Failure
Maximum normal strain theory- Not recommended
This theory states that, when the maximum normal
strain in actual case is more than maximum normal
strain occurred in simple tension test case the material
fails.
Total strain energy theory- Good for ductile
material
According to this theory when the total strain energy in
actual case exceeds the total strain energy in simple
tension test at the time of failure, the material fails.

Theories of Failure
Shear strain energy theory- Highly recommended
According to this theory when the shear strain energy in
the actual case exceeds shear strain energy in simple
tension test at the time of failure the material fails

Fatigue
In materials science,fatigueis the weakening of a
material caused by repeatedly applied loads.
It is the progressive and localised structural damage
that occurs when a material is subjected to cyclic
loading.
or
Fatigue failureis defined as the tendency of a
material tofractureby means of progressive brittle
cracking under repeated alternating or cyclic stresses of
an intensity considerably below the normal strength.

Fatigue
Fatigue Life. Number of cycles of fluctuating stress
and strain of a specified nature that a material will
sustain before failure occurs.
It is a function of the magnitude of the fluctuating
stress, geometry of the specimen and test conditions
Fatigue test : A specified mean load (which may be
zero) and an alternating load are applied to a specimen
and the number of cycles required to produce failure
(fatiguelife) is recorded. Generally, thetestis
repeated with identical specimens and various
fluctuating loads. Loads may be applied axially, in
torsion, or in flexure.

Fatigue
fatigue limit : the highest stress that a material can
withstand for an infinite number of cycles without
breaking called alsoendurance limit compare
fatiguestrength.
endurance limit (Se) : for the stress below which failure
never occurs, even for an indefinitely large number of
loading cycles.