RESEARCH WRITING

according to
specialization/course
Presented by:
Alvarez, M.C., Asistio, K.L.,
Bautista, J.D., Lazo, A.M.,
and Regudo, M.A.G.
OBJECTIVES:
I. To know what to write chronologically in the
preliminary section of a research paper in
PLM-CS (Biology).
II. GHG
III. To become proficient in writing the review of
related literature of a research paper in PLM-
CS (Biology).
PRELIMINARIES
A. Preliminaries
Write ups that come before the chapter
one of every project or research work.
Standard preliminary pages in PLM-CS
has the following features in these
chronological order:
I. Title page
Title of the project
The institution of study --- college and course
The researchers name
The month and year of your graduation, not
the month and year of your defense.
Although the title page is counted as Roman
numeral i, the number should not appear on
the page.
The body of the text should be centered on
the page, both vertically and horizontally.
II. Approval Sheet
Consent of your research
Signature of Thesis Adviser, Critics,
Chairman, and Dean or other Officer in
Charge
III. Acknowledgement
The section where you give thanks and
recognition to any outside person or party
who contributed directly or indirectly in
the actualization of the project work.
It is essential that you mention how they
helped and on what specifically they
contributed to your dissertation, in order.
Keep it professional and clear.
IV. Abstract
STRUCTURE OF A STANDARD
ABSTRACT:
Overview of the study/Background
It depicts the central focus of the study.
Methods
This is where you briefly let readers know your
data collection methods, research instruments
employed, sample size and so on.
 Results or Findings
A brief summary of your key findings or
results.

Recommendations and Conclusion

The most important section in an abstract as it
brings out the essence of research which is
solving identified problems, developing better
ways of doing things and adding to the body of
knowledge.
V. Table of Contents
The Table of Contents should only include listings for
the Acknowledgements page, Abstract and any
sections following the Table of Contents.
Item page numbers should align at the right margin.
Follow the spacing guidelines included in your
chosen style manual.
 VI. OTHERS
List of Tables
List of Figures
List of Plates
The list should include a short title for each
table/figure/plate but not the whole caption.
List of Acronyms and Abbreviations
Definition of Terms
INTRODUCTION
Literature Review
(Review of Related
Literature)
DEFINING RRL
The RRL is the selection and annotation of
available documents (both published and
unpublished), which contain information, ideas,
data and evidence related to the topic that a
person proposes to research on
The RRL is the use of ideas in the literature to
justify the particular approach to the topic, the
selection of methods and the demonstration of
this research contributes something new. (Hart,
1998)
DEFINING RRL

It should give a theoretical basis for

the research and help you determine
the nature of your own research.
Select a limited number of works that
are central to your area rather than
trying to collect a large number of
works that are not as closely
connected to your topic area.
CHARACTERISTICS
Surveyed material must be as recent as
possible
Materials reviewed must be objective and
unbiased
Materials surveyed must be relevant to the
study
Surveyed materials must have been based
upon genuinely original and true facts or
data to make them valid and reliable
 These materials are usually printed and found in
books, encyclopedias, professional journals and
newspaper. Unpublished materials include
theses, manuscripts and dissertations

These materials can be classifies as:

Local: from philippines
Foreign: if printed in other lands
IMPORTANCE
Earlier studies can help you identify a research
problem (Provide a context for the research)
Provides the foundation and justification for
your research problem
Ensure the research hasnt been done before
Shows what is already known vs what needs
to be known
Shares the results of other studies that are
closely related to the proposed topic
Help refine, refocus or even change the topic.
HOW TO CONDUCT THE RRL
Visit the school library or other libraries in the
vicinity. Browse over books, magazines, journals,
etc.
Do a computer-aided search through an
electronic database.
- Website of journals, academic scholars
Ask for reprint from experts
 Take down notes on index card or research
notebook. Begin organizing your notes by
devising sections and heading such as:
a. General Information
b. Methods in other studies
c. Support for objectives 1 & 2
d. Results to compare with mine
e. Pros and cons of controversy
 Write all bibliographic infromation, i.e.,
author(s), complete title, publisher, date and
place of publication, and so on

Paraphrase
Guidelines for writing a
literature review
There should have a short introductory
statement (could be one paragraph only) that
describes what could be seen under this part
Use headings arranged in logical order to
indicate main points.
Include information that are directly related
and relevant to your topic.
A maximum of half-page (double space) must
constitute one paragraph
 Do not copy the exact information from
your source. No more than 10% of the entire
paper is allowed for direct quotation.
Give due credit to the real source of your data.
Cite the authors at the end of the sentence.
Summarize important points from your
sources and relate them to your topic.
Writing in APA Style for
Literature Reviews
Components of paper:
Title page: Name, title, class, section, date
Body (use headers where appropriate)
References: end of paper with centered title
References
 Margins: One inch margins are required on
every side.
Spacing: Double-space or single-spaced
Font: Times New Roman, 12 point
Page numbers: at top right corner of every
page (in header)
Citations in the Text
References at end of paper
Arrange entries in alphabetical order by last name of the
first author.
General format: Author last name, first initial (year).
Title. Journal, issue, pages.
When your reference list contains multiple works by the
same author: o -Single author entries precede multiple-
author entries beginning with the same last name o
References with the same first author and different
second or third authors are arranged alphabetically by
the last name of the second author, etc. o References
with the same authors in the same order are arranged by
year of publication, earliest first