Unit Processes of

Air Pollution Control

Benno Rahardyan
 References
Calvert, S., Englund, H.M, Handbook
of Air Pollution Technology, Willey-
Interscience Publication, (Chapter
9)
Peavy, H.S., Rowe, D.R,
Tchobanoglous, G., 1985,
Environmental Engineering-
International Edition, McGrawHill,
Singapore (Chapter 9)
 Control of Particulate Contaminants
Control of Gaseous Contaminant
 Control of Particulate
Contaminants
Gravitation Settling Chamber
Centrifugal Collector
Wet Collectors
Fabric Filters (Baghouse filters)
Electrostatic Precipitation (ESP)
 Control of Gaseous
Contaminant
Adsorption
Absorption
Condensation
Combustion
 Control of Gases By Chemical
NOx control
Reaction
Ammonia Injection (Non Catalitic)
NO + NH3+1/4 O2 N2 + 3/2 H2O
NH3 + 5/4 O2 NO + H2O
Temperatures ranging 1070-1270 K
Selection Catalitic Reduction SCR
2NH3+2NO+1/2O22N2+3H2O (3)
2NH3+NO2+1/2O23/2N2 +3H2O (4)
Efficiency (3) almost 95%. (4) 80-90% , emission NH3 20 ppm
Temperature 570-720 K
Non selective catalitic reduction (NCR) H2, CO or HC
Electronic Beam Irradiation
 Control of Gases By Chemical
Reaction
SOx
CuO/CuSO4 process
Acceptance
CuO+1/2O2+SO2CuSO4
2NO+2NH3+1/2O22N2+3H2O
Regeneration
CuSO4+2H2Cu+SO2+2H2O
Cu+1/2O2CuO
 Coal/limestone fuel mixtures
CaCO3+1/2O2+SO2 CaSO4 + CO2

Ca : S ratio of 3 : 5 70% sulphurs removal

(laboratory)
actual + 50%

Dry sorbent injection

2NaHCO3+SO3 Na2SO3+2CO2+H2O
Na2CO3+SO2Na2SO3+CO2
 Determining the solvent requirement in an
absorption tower.
An absorption tower is to be used to remove
SO2 from the stack gas of a coal-fired furnace.
The flow rate of the stack gas, measured at 1
atm pressure and 25oC, is 10 m3/s and the SO2
content is 3 percent by volume. Removal of
90% of the SO2 is required and water initially
pure with the respect of SO2 is to be used as
the liquid solvent. The equilibrium line for SO2
and water can be estimated by y = 30 x.
Determine the flow rate of water that
represents 150 percent of the minimum liquid
requirement.
 The gas flow (G + ammonia) is 50
kg-mol/h and is 10 percent by
volume ammonia. Water that is
initally pure with respect to ammonia
is used as the solvent. Determine the
water flow rate that is 1.3 times the
minimum required to remove 96
percent of ammonia.
 450 kg/hour of a mixture of ethyl-methyl
ketone (butanone) in air (1.5 mol
percent) is to be passed through a
countercurrent absorber. The equilbirium
equation for butanone in water is y = 2,5
x. Assume that the gas and water do not
react chemically. What is the minimum
flow of water-free butanone that must be
used to absorb 95% percent of
butanone?.
 A well water is to be softened by split-flow ion
exchange with the exchanger on the sodium
cycle. The flow is 3.2 l/s, the hardness is 225 mg/L
as CaCO3, the desired hardness is 50 mg/L
CaCO3, and the moisture content of the resin is
45 percent. A test column has been used in
thelaboratory to obtain a breakthrough curve. The
computed hardness removed by the resin at the
allowable breakthrough concentration Ca=0,05
Co was 282 meq/100 g resin on a dry weight
basis. Determine the kilograms of resin required if
the allowable breakthrough is 7 days.
 A well water is to be softened by split flow ion
exange with the exchanger resin on the
sodium cycle. The flow is 2.56 l/s. The
hardness is 195 mg/l as CaCO3. The desired
hardness is 50 mg/l as CaCO3, the resin
removes 296 meq/100 gram on a dry basis at
an allowable breaktrough of 5% Co, and
moisture content is 45 %. The allowable
breakthrough time is seven days. Determine
the weight of resin required on both moist
and dry basis
 An industrial wastewater with 107
mg/L of Cu2+ (3.37 meq/L) is to be
treated by an exchange column. The
allowable effluent concentration is 5
percent Co. A bereakthrough curve
has been obtained from
anexpereimental laboratory column
on the sodium cycle. Determine the k
value of the column.
 Data concerning the column are : inside diameter 1,25
cm, length = 45 cm masss of resin = 41,5 g on moist
basis (23.24 g on dry basis), moisture = 44%, bulk
density 20 kg/ft3 and liquid flow rate = 1,0428 l/day.
The design will have flowrate of 100,000 gal/day, the
allowable breakthrough time is seven days of flow, and
the resin depth is approximately two timesthe column
diameter. Using the kinetic approach to column design
determine:
1. resin required
2. the diameter and depth
3. the height of sorption zone