HYDRAULICS AND

LINE SIZING
PREPARED BY: MUZZAMIL SHAHZAD
PROCESS ENGINEERING INTERN
ENGRO POWERGEN THAR LIMITED (EPTL)
HYRDAULICS
Hydraulics is a topic in applied science and engineering
dealing with the mechanical properties of liquids or
fluids.
Fluid mechanics provides the theoretical foundation for
hydraulics.
In fluid power, hydraulics are used for the generation,
control, and transmission of power by the use of
pressurized liquids.
Hydraulics involves pipe flow, dam design, fluidics and
fluid control circuitry, pumps, turbines, hydropower,
computational fluid dynamics, flow measurement, river
channel behaviour and erosion.
OPEN CHANNEL HYDRAULICS
The Manning Equation is the most commonly used
equation to analyze open channel flows.

k is a unit conversion factor: k=1.49 for English units (feet

and seconds). k=1.0 for SI units (meters and seconds).
A=Flow area of the pipe, culvert, or channel.
P=Wetted perimeter which is the portion of the
circumference that is in contact with water.
Q=Discharge (flow rate).
S=Downward (longitudinal) slope of the culvert.
V=Average velocity in the pipe, culvert, or channel.
 Here the liquid is open to the atmosphere
(not under pressure).
Channel can be circular, rectangular or
triangular.
S is the slope of energy grade line where
S=hf/L where hf is the head loss and L is
the length of the channel.
The ratio (A/P) is also called as the
Hydraulic Radius
 CLOSED CHANNLE
HYDRAULICS OR PIPE FLOW
PIPE SENARIOS
 FLUID FLOW EQUATIONS FOR THE FRICTIONAL
LOSSES AND PRESSURE DROP IN PIPES

Bernoulli Equation
The steady state incompressible energy
equation (also known as the Bernoulli
equation) models a fluid moving from
location 1 to location 2. The loss term hL
accounts for all minor (valves, elbows, etc.)
and major (pipe friction) losses between 1
and 2
DARCYS EQUATION HAZEN WILLIAM EQUATION

Simpler equation than

Darcys when solving
for flowrate
hf indicates the major
(discharge), velocity
losses b/t the fluid and and diameter.
the duct also called as
Only uniqueness is
the frictional loss.
that C(frictional co-
More accurate than
efficient) is not a
Hazen William function of velocity or
equation. pipe diameter
Valid for any Gas or Valid for only water
liquid. flowing at ordinary
temperatures
 f is the Darcys frictional factor.
Relative roughness of the pipe is normally
calculated from the Moody Chart, which
expressed as
Relative roughness =/D
Where D is the pipe diameter.
 Straight Line Pressure Drop
The pressure drop is expressed as below for
the horizontal pipe line,

In the non-horizontal pipe line pressure

drop is expressed,

For the velocity change the in pressure

drop the formula is expressed as
 Effect of Valve, Fitting on Pressure Drop
In the fluid systems the effect of valves,
elbows, and etc on the pressure drop is
needed to be taken into consideration
when designing.
General pressure drop in the fitting
expressed as formula for the laminar flow
and turbulent flow.
 Enlargements and Contraction Pipe Line
Pressure Drops Calculation
When the fluid flow from a smaller diameter
pipe goes into a bigger diameter pipe, it called
enlargement, and vice-visa it called sudden
contraction. Generally these processes will
cause a friction loss and the changes in the
kinetic energy.