Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Networking
S. D. PATIL
Deputy Director
PSTI
Why it is LAN ?
• Simple and inexpensive connections
• Support for multiple media protocols
• Flexibility to provide any-to-any
connections
• Support for new applications
• Ability to grow easily
Computer Communication
• LAN (Local Area Network)
• WAN (Wide Area Network)
• Internet
• Intranet
• LAN stands for Local Area Network. A LAN is a
communications system that allows users to access
and share resources (computers, printers, servers)
with other users.
• LANs provide to share resources and information.
They are simple, inexpensive, and support many
types of protocols.
• Other features include the ability to handle
connections to different types of network
equipment and to support many applications. In
addition, LANs can be easily extended to allow
for changes in the number of users for an
organization that is expanding.
How far is local ?
Normally what limits the distance a LAN can
travel is the type of cable used.
The most common type of cable is unshielded
twisted pair (UTP), which is similar to the
round telephone wire found in your home.
UTP can carry signals up to 100 meters without
too much trouble. Other types of cable can carry
signals for longer distances.
About LAN
• Disadvantage:
- If one of the system fails, complete system collapse.
- Ring topologies is the extreme difficulty of adding new workstations
while the network is in operation. Normally, the entire network has
to be brought down while a new node is added and cabling reattached.
Star
Many home networks use the
star topology. A star network
features a central connection
point called a "hub" that may
be an actual hub or a switch.
Devices typically connect to the hub with Unshielded Twisted
Pair (UTP) Ethernet.
Advantage and Disadvantage
• Advantage:
The network administrator can give selected nodes a higher priority
status than others. The central computer looks for signals from these
higher priority workstations before recognizing other nodes. Also, the
star topology permits centralized diagnostics (troubleshooting) of all
functions.
• Disadvantage:
Of all the topologies, the star is the least reliable because it has a
single point of failure. The network relies mainly on the central
computer for all functions. If it fails, all nodes also stop functioning,
resulting in failure of the entire network.
Any-to-Any Connectivity
Interoperability is the goal of any mixed-vendor network.
– The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) has
developed a set of 100 or so documents called IEEE 802.x
specifications which define many aspects of LAN operations.
– The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) has issued thousands
of Requests For Comments (RFC) that identify interoperability
problems and offer technical solutions.
– The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) has
defined a communications framework known as the Open Systems
Interconnection (OSI) model, which divides LAN functions into
several layers of protocol.
– While the OSI model is no longer a defacto industry standard, it
remains useful as a tool for identifying the function of new
protocols.
OSI model
• The Open System Interconnection (OSI)
reference model was released in 1984 by the
ISO
• It provided vendors with a set of standards
that ensured greater compatibility and
interoperability among various network
technologies produced by companies around
the world.
• Considered the best tool for teaching people
about sending and receiving data on a
network.
OSI layers
• The OSI model explains how packets travel
through the various layers to another device on a
network:
– It breaks network communication into smaller, more
manageable parts.
– It standardizes network components to allow multiple
vendor development and support.
– It allows different types of network hardware and
software to communicate with each other.
– It prevents changes in one layer from affecting other
layers.
– It divides network communication into smaller parts to
make learning it easier to understand
OSI Model
Seven Layer Architecture
• Physical Layer
• Data link Layer
• Network Layer
• Session Layer
• Transport Layer
• Presentation Layer
• Application Layer
Function of each layer
1 Physical layer
• Cabling standard
2 Data link layer
• Data in to Frames,Packets and control
Information.
3 Network layer
• Concern with packet switching.
4 Transport layer
• Error recognition and recovery as well as
multiplexing of messages.
• Regulation of information flow
5 Session layer
• Password recognition, n/w monitoring and n/w
management functions.
6 Presentation layer
• File transfer, n/w security
7 Application layer
• Electronic mail,Database Managers.
Message Transmission Using Layers
sender receiver
Applications Applications
A receiving layer
wraps incoming
message with an
envelope A receiving layer
• Adds layer removes the
layer related
related
envelope and
addressing
forwards the
information
message up
Client Application Server Application
Acknowledgment
Transport En co ded En co ded Transport
Transport packets
Physical Physical
Telephone Line
Telephone Line
What is a Wide Area Network?
• Links Different Locations • Can be Virtual (use Internet to
within Your Own Organization create VPN)
• Similar to LAN but slower and • Bridge between two or more
over greater distances LANs
PC PC Printer PC
Server
PC PC Printer PC
Server
What are Hubs?
• A hub is the active element which turns a collection of
wires into a network. It is the “hub” of a network. Most
common for modern networks is a “Star Topology”
What are Switches?
• A switch is an active element much like a hub. However, the
entire “bandwidth” is available on every port, rather than
being shared among the ports. Think of a hub as a “party-
line” phone, whereas a switch represents Direct-inbound-dial.
A 24-port 10/100
Mbs switch is
nominally
24 x 10 x 2 faster
than a 24-port
10BaseT hub
Networking and
Internetworking
Devices, Backbone
Networks
Hubs and Routers
What is a hub?
– A hub acts as a multiport repeater
– anything it receives on one port is repeated to all other ports
– the network is analogous to a party line
What is a router?
– A router acts as a traffic cop. Each message is only broadcast over
the network segment that it has permission to travel over.
– A router allows you to segment the network, this reduces the
number of devices on a network segment
What are Routers?
• A router is a specialized, dedicated device for connecting
local area networks together into internets (e.g., from
Ethernet LAN to T1 WAN). It sends each packet of data to
the right location.
To The Internet
To Accounting
To Sales
Networking devices are used to construct networks.
Repeaters
Hubs
Bridges
Two-Layer Switches
Connecting devices
Repeaters
• A repeater (or regenerator) is an electronic device that
operates on only the physical layer of the OSI model.
• A repeater installed on a link receives the signal before it
becomes too weak or corrupted, regenerates the original
pattern, and puts the refreshed copy back on the link.
Repeaters
• A repeater does not actually connect two LANS; it connects
two segments of the same LAN.
Star Backbone
• In a star backbone, the topology of the backbone is a star;
the backbone is just a switch.
• Star backbones are mostly used as a distribution backbone
inside a building.
• In a multifloor building usually there is a LAN that serves
each particular floor. A star backbone connects these
LANs.
Star backbone
Physical Wiring Diagram
History of WWW
• In 1980, Web was initially conceived at
CERN .
• A man name “Tim Berners-lee first to
submit its proposal in 1989
• The first WWW computers were created at
CERN (http://www.cern.ch)
• It works on the principle of ‘Server’ and
‘Client’.
Ultimate Customers
Generation of Electricity
Corps of Engineers
Bureau of Reclamation
Supply System
Distribution Residential
Commercial
Substation
Farm
Transmission
BPA SYSTEM
Government