Three phase system

d
L M
Flux density
B [T]
N
l A

Current induces in the coil as the
Generator for single phase coil moves in the magnetic field

Note
Induction motor cannot start
by itself. This problem is
solved by introducing three
phase system Current produced at terminal
Instead of using one coil only , three coils are used arranged in one
axis with orientation of 120o each other. The coils are R-R1 , Y-Y1
and B-B1. The phases are measured in this sequence R-Y-B. I.e Y
lags R by 120o , B lags Y by 120o.
 Finish R

e L 1
R
start R 1

Finish Y
e L 2
Load
Y
start Y 1
Finish B
e B L 3
start
B 1

The three winding can be represented by the above circuit. In this

case we have six wires. The emf are represented by eR , eY, eB.
e R E m sin t
e Y E m sin(t-120 )
eB E m sin(t-240 )
 The circuit can be simplified as follows, where R1 can be
connected to Y and Y1 can be connected to B. In this case
the circuit is reduced to 4 wires.
Finish R

e RB1 e R e Y e B e R
start R 1

Finish Y
E m [sin t sin(t 120 ) sin(t 240 )]

e e R +e +e
Y Y B
start Y 1

Em [sin t sin t cos 120 cos t sin 120

Finish B
e B
sin t cos 240 cos t sin 240 ]
start
B 1

Em [sin t 0.5 sin t 0.866 cos t 0.5 sin t 0.866kost ]

0
Since the total emf is zero, R and B1 can be connected together, thus
we arrive with delta connection system.
 R Fig. B
Fig.A
PL
R 1
Y

Line
PM

conductors
Y 1
B

PN

B 1
Fig. C
Since the total emf is zero, R and B1 can be e
R Y Y
connected together as in Fig.A , thus we arrive 1

with delta connection system as in Fig. C. e R

Y
The direction of the emf can be referred to the B 1
emf waveform as in Fig. B where PL is +ve (R1- R 1
e
R), PM is ve (Y-Y1) and PN is ve (B-B1). B B
R1, Y1 and B1 are connected together. R
As the e.m.f generated are assumed in iR
positive direction , therefore the current R
directions are also considered as flowing Y
1

in the positive direction. iY

The current in the common wire (MN)
is equal to the sum of the generated Y 1 N iR + iY + iB
M
B
currents. i.e iR+iY+iB . iB
This arrangement is called four wire
star-connected system. The point N B 1 1

refers to star point or neutral point. Load

Generator
The instantaneous current in loads L1 , L2 and L3 are

R
iR
i R I m sin t R

R
iY I m sin(t-120 ) 1
N
Y Y Y

Line conductors
1
iY
B
i B I m sin(t-240 ) 1

B iB

i N i R iY i B B

L L 2
L 1

I m [sin t sin(t 120 )

3
iR + iY + iB

sin(t 240 )] 0
 Three-wire star-connected system with
balanced load
For balanced loads, the fourth wire carries no current , so it can
be dispensed
8.66A

5A 2.6A
R
L

R 1 10A 9.7A
N 0
Y 1 Y L
B 1
L

B 5A 7.1A
8.66A
generator a b c balanced
coils load
Instantaneous currents waveform for iR, iY and iB in a
balanced three-phase system.
phase and line current in ampere
VRY, VYB and VBR are called line voltage R
VR
IR
VR, VY and VB are called phase voltage V V RY
BR
N
Y
From Kirchoff voltage law we have V B V Y
IY
V YB

VRY VR VY VR (VY )
B
IB

VYB VY VB VY (VB ) VBR

VB -VY
VRY

VBR VB VR VB (VR ) -VR VR

In phasor diagram -VB

VY

VYB
For balanced load VR , VY and
VB are equaled but out of phase
VR = VP30; VRY = VL30; VB -VY
VRY
VBR
VY = VP-90; VYB = VL-90;
-VR VR
VB = VP150; VBR = VL150;
-VB
VY
therefore
VRY 2VR cos 30o 3 V P
VYB

VBR 2VB cos 30o 3 V

P

VYB 2VY cos 30o 3 V

P
then

VL 3 V P

and

IL IP
 IR
R
IR, IY and IB are called line current I1
I1, I2 and I3 are called phase current
I3 IY
Y
From Kirchoff current law we have VP
VL
I R I1 I 3 I1 ( I 3 )
I2 IB
B
I Y I 2 I1 I 2 ( I1 ) IR
I1
I B I3 I 2 I 3 ( I 2 ) -I2 -I3
IB
In phasor diagram
I3 I2

-I1
IY
Since the loads are balanced, the magnitude of currents are
equaled but 120o out of phase. i.e I1 =I2=I3 ,=IP Therefore:-

IR = IL30; I1 = VP30;
IY = IL-90; I2 = VP-90;
IB = IL150; I3 = VP150;
Where IP is a phase current and IL is a line current
IR
I R 2 I1 cos 30 ( 3 ) I P I1

-I2 -I3
I Y 2 I 2 cos 30 ( 3 ) I P

3 I
IB
I B 2 I 3 cos 30 P I3 I2
Thus IR=IY=IB = IL -I1
IY
Hence

IL 3 I P VL VP
 Unbalanced load

In a three-phase four-wire system the line voltage is 400V

and non-inductive loads of 5 kW, 8 kW and 10 kW are
connected between the three conductors and the neutral.
Calculate: (a) the current in each phase
(b) the current in the neutral conductor.
 VL 400
Voltage to neutral VP 230V
3 3

PR 10 4
Current in 10kW resistor IR 43.5 A
VP 230

PY 8 103
Current in 8kW resistor IY 34.8 A
VP 230

PB 5 103
Current in 5kW resistor IB 21.7 A
VP 230
 IR
INV IN

IBH IYH

IBV IYV INH

IB IY

Resolve the current components into horizontal and vertical

components.
I H I Y cos 30 I B cos 30o 0.866 34.8 21.7 11.3 A

IV I R I Y cos 60 I B cos 60o 43.5 0.5(34.8 21.7) 13.0 A

2 2
I N I NH I NV 11.32 13.0 2 17.2 A
 A delta connected load is arranged as in Figure below.
The supply voltage is 400V at 50Hz. Calculate:
(a)The phase currents;
(b)The line currents.
IR
R
I1
R 1 =100
400V 400V
IY
Y C=30 F
I2
R 2 =20
400V I3
IB X 2 =60
B
(a) VRY 400
I1 4A
R1 100

I1 is in phase with VRY since there is only resistor in the branch

In branch between YB , there are two components , R2 and X2
VYB 400
I2 6.32 A
ZY 20 60
2 2
IR

V RY
2 2
2
ZY R 2 X 2
2
20 60
I1
-I3
X2 60
Y tan 1 tan 1 7134' 30 o

R2 20

In the branch RB , only capacitor in 90 o

V 71 o 34'
it , so the XC is -90 out of phase. BR V YB
30
o

I3
V 400

I 3 BR 1 /(2 50 30 10 6 ) 90 I2
XC

3.77 A 90 o
(b) I R I1 I 3

I R2 I12 2 I1 I 3 cos I 32 =30o

I1
I R2 4.0 2 4.0 3.77 cos 30o 3.77 56.3
2 2

I R 7.5 A 120 o

= 71o 34 -60o= 11o 34 60 o

71 o 34'
I Y I 2 I1

I2 -I 1
I I 2 I1 I 2 cos I
2
Y
2
2 1
2

I Y2 6.32 2 4.0 6.32 cos11o34' 4.0 105.5

2 2

I Y 10.3 A
IY
 = 180-30o-11o 34 = 138o 34

IB I3 I2
I B2 I 32 2 I 3 I 2 cos I 22
-I 2
I 6.32 2 3.77 6.32 cos138 26' 3.77 18.5
2 2 o 2
B

I B 4.3 A I2

o
90 o
71 34'
o
11 o 34' 30
I3

I2
 Power in three phase
Active power per phase = IPVP x power factor
Total active power= 3VPIP x power factor

P 3VP I P cos
If IL and VL are rms values for line current and line voltage
respectively. Then for delta () connection: VP = VL and IP
= IL/3. therefore:
P 3VL I L cos

For star connection () : VP = VL/3 and IP = IL. therefore:

P 3VL I L cos
A three-phase motor operating off a 400V system is developing
20kW at an efficiency of 0.87 p.u and a power factor of 0.82.
Calculate:
(a)The line current;
(b)The phase current if the windings are delta-connected.
output power in watts
(a) Since Efficiency
input power in watts
output power in watts

3 I LVL p. f
20 1000
0.87 And line current =IL=40.0A
3 I L 400 0.82
(b) For a delta-connected winding
line current 40.0
Phase current 23.1A
3 3
Three identical coils, each having a resistance of 20
and an inductance of 0.5 H connected in (a) star and (b)
delta to a three phase supply of 400 V; 50 Hz. Calculate
the current and the total power absorbed by both method
of connections.
First of all calculating the impedance of the coils
R P 20 X P 2 50 0.5 157

1 XP
Z P RP jX P RP X P
2 2
where tan
RP
157
1
20 157 tan
2 2
15883

20

cos cos 83 0.1264

 Star-connection

20
400V
400V 400 / 3

0.5H

N
0.5H 0.5H
400V 20 20

Since it is a balanced load

400 VP 231
VP 231V IP IL 1.46A
3 Z P 158
Power absorbed
P 3VL I L cos 3 400 1.46 0.1264 128W
Star connection

400V 0.5H
20 20

0.5H
400V 400V 20 0.5H

VP 400
VP VL 400V IP 4.38A
Z P 158

P 3VL I L cos 3 400 4.38 0.1264 383W

A balanced three phase load connected in star, each phase consists
of resistance of 100 paralleled with a capacitance of 31.8 F.
The load is connected to a three phase supply of 415 V; 50 Hz.
Calculate: (a) the line current;
(b) the power absorbed;
(c) total kVA;
(d) power factor .
415

VL 415
VP 240V
3 3
 Admittance of the load
1 1 1
YP where XP
R P XP jC

1 1
jC j2 50 31.8 10 6 (0.01 j0.01)S
RP 100
Line current
I L I P VPYP 240(0.01 j 0.01) 2.4 j 2.4 3.3945
Volt-ampere per phase
PVA VP I P 240 3.3945 814.445

Active power per phase PPA 814.4 cos 45 576

Total active power PA 3 576 1.728kW

(b)

P
Reactive power per phase PR j814. 4 sin 45
j576

Total reactive power PR j3 576 j1.728kW

(c) Total volt-ampere 3 814.4 2.44kVA

(d)
Power Factor = cos = cos 45 = 0.707 (leading)
A three phase star-connected system having a phase voltage of
230V and loads consist of non reactive resistance of 4 , 5
and 6 respectively.
Calculate:(a) the current in each phase conductor
(b) the current in neutral conductor
and (c) total power absorbed.

230
I 4 57.5A
4
230
I 5 46A
5
230
I 6 38.3A
6
 38.3 A

57.5 A

(b) 46 A

X-component = 46 cos 30 + 38.3 cos 30 - 57.5 = 15.5 A

Y-component = 46 sin 30 - 38.3 sin 30 = 3.9 A

Therefore I N 15.5 2 3.9 2 16A

(c) P 230 57.5 46 38.3 32.61kW